背景:细胞免疫疗法,以嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)为代表,表现出很高的反应率,持久缓解,以及体外和临床试验的安全性。不幸的是,在复发/难治性(r/r)B-ALL患者中,单独抗CD19CAR-T(CART-19)治疗容易复发,且预后特别差.迄今为止,解决或减少复发仍然是实现广泛临床应用的研究重点之一。
方法:我们制造了第二代CART-19细胞,并在体外和体内验证了其功效和安全性。通过Nalm-6细胞与短期培养的CART-19细胞共培养,流式细胞术检测CD19阴性Nalm-6细胞,并在体外评估了复发细胞及其耐药机制的进一步研究。
结果:在这项研究中,我们证明CART-19细胞具有增强的特异性抗白血病活性,CART-19治疗后B-ALL小鼠模型的存活率显著延长。然后我们缩短了培养时间,并应用无血清培养来扩增CAR-T细胞,然后将CART-19细胞与Nalm-6细胞共培养。令人惊讶的是,我们观察到CD19阴性Nalm-6细胞在28天左右的增殖。潜在抗性机制的鉴定表明,复发细胞表达水平降低的截短的CD19蛋白,更重要的是,在复发细胞表面检测到CAR表达,这最终可能会使它们保持抗原阴性。此外,验证了CART-22和串联CART-22/19细胞可以有效杀死复发细胞,但都无法完全根除它们。
结论:我们成功产生了CART-19细胞,并获得了CD19阴性难治性复发B-ALL细胞系,为低抗原密度的r/rB-ALL患者的治疗提供新的抗性机制和新的体外模型。
BACKGROUND: Cellular immunotherapy, represented by the chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T), has exhibited high response rates, durable remission, and safety in vitro and in clinical trials. Unfortunately, anti-CD19 CAR-T (CART-19) treatment alone is prone to relapse and has a particularly poor prognosis in relapsed/refractory (r/r) B-ALL patients. To date, addressing or reducing relapse remains one of the research priorities to achieve broad clinical application.
METHODS: We manufactured second generation CART-19 cells and validated their efficacy and safety in vitro and in vivo. Through co-culture of Nalm-6 cells with short-term cultured CART-19 cells, CD19-negative Nalm-6 cells were detected by flow cytometry, and further investigation of the relapsed cells and their resistance mechanisms was evaluated in vitro.
RESULTS: In this study, we demonstrated that CART-19 cells had enhanced and specific antileukemic activities, and the survival of B-ALL mouse models after CART-19 treatment was significantly prolonged. We then shortened the culture time and applied the serum-free culture to expand CAR-T cells, followed by co-culturing CART-19 cells with Nalm-6 cells. Surprisingly, we observed the proliferation of CD19-negative Nalm-6 cells around 28 days. Identification of potential resistance mechanisms showed that the relapsed cells express truncated CD19 proteins with decreased levels and, more importantly, CAR expression was detected on the relapsed cell surface, which may ultimately keep them antigen-negative. Furthermore, it was validated that CART-22 and tandem CART-22/19 cells could effectively kill the relapsed cells, but neither could completely eradicate them.
CONCLUSIONS: We successfully generated CART-19 cells and obtained a CD19-negative refractory relapsed B-ALL cell line, providing new insights into the underlying mechanisms of resistance and a new in vitro model for the treatment of r/r B-ALL patients with low antigen density.