Autobiographical memory

自传记忆
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    高度优越的自传体记忆(HSAM)是一种罕见的增强记忆形式,其中个人表现出非凡的能力,可以高度准确和生动地记住个人生活的细节。神经影像学研究已经确定了大脑区域-特别是,默认网络中的中线区域-与记住过去的事件相关联。扩展对自传体记忆神经基础的研究,本研究利用图论分析比较了一组HSAM(n=12)和对照(n=29)参与者的脑功能连通性.我们对静息状态fMRI数据进行基于种子的分析,以评估HSAM个体中自传体记忆网络内的特定皮质区域如何差异连接。此外,我们应用全脑连通性分析来识别与增强自传体记忆相关的大脑集线器-网络拓扑的差异.基于种子的结果表明,中线区域的HSAM连通性增加的收敛模式。全脑分析还揭示了HSAM个体内侧前额叶和后扣带皮质的连通性增强。一起,这些结果扩展了先前的研究,突出显示与增强的自传记忆相关的默认网络中的皮质集线器。
    Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM) is a rare form of enhanced memory in which individuals demonstrate an extraordinary ability to remember details of their personal lives with high levels of accuracy and vividness. Neuroimaging studies have identified brain regions - specifically, midline areas within the default network - associated with remembering events from one\'s past. Extending this research on the neural underpinnings of autobiographical memory, the present study utilizes graph theory analyses to compare functional brain connectivity in a cohort of HSAM (n = 12) and control participants (n = 29). We perform seed-based analysis in resting-state fMRI data to assess how specific cortical regions within the autobiographical memory network are differentially connected in HSAM individuals. Additionally, we apply a whole-brain connectivity analysis to identify differences in brain hub-network topology associated with enhanced autobiographical memory. Seed-based results show converging patterns of increased connectivity in HSAM across midline areas. Whole-brain analysis also reveals enhanced connectivity across medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortex in HSAM individuals. Together, these results extend prior research, highlighting cortical hubs within the default network associated with enhanced autobiographical memory.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    快感缺失的特点是奖励处理减少,这可以部分通过阻尼评估来解释,或使积极情绪生硬的想法。体验式加工,或参与感官和身体体验,可能会抑制阻尼评估,与分析处理相比,或者从概念上思考一个事件。在这项研究中,96名快感缺失的参与者完成了写作任务,他们回忆起积极的自传记忆。参与者回忆起第一个记忆,因为他们自然会评估自发使用的处理模式,然后随机回忆第二个积极的记忆使用经验,分析,或控制指令。与分析处理相比,自发和指示的经验处理与更大的积极影响和更少的抑制相关。临床意义包括品尝愉快的感觉,以减少抑制并增强快感缺乏症的积极影响。
    Anhedonia is characterized by diminished reward processing, which may be explained in part by dampening appraisals, or thoughts that blunt positive emotions. Experiential processing, or attending to sensory and bodily experience, may curb dampening appraisals, as compared to analytical processing, or conceptually thinking about an event. In this study, 96 participants with elevated anhedonia completed writing tasks, in which they recalled positive autobiographical memories. Participants recalled the first memory as they naturally would to assess spontaneous use of processing mode and were then randomized to recall the second positive memory using either experiential, analytical, or control instructions. Both spontaneous and instructed experiential processing were associated with greater positive affect and less dampening compared to analytical processing. Clinical implications include savoring pleasant sensations to reduce dampening and enhance positive affect in anhedonia.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在本文中,我们对IAM任务的研究进行了综述,记忆是由“我是...”陈述形式的自我形象暗示的,就像我是祖父一样,我是鲍勃·迪伦的粉丝,我来自达林顿,我是一个心理学家。这样的提示在访问与自我的特定方面的形成相关联的存储器时特别成功。我们描述了任务开发的概念和历史背景,并回顾了使用相同基本设计的其他研究人员的发现。我们提供了来自多个实验的汇总数据和示例,研究这些模式在心理困扰和功能障碍中如何变化。我们还讨论了有关“我将成为”陈述的研究,以及如何采用这些陈述来检查与自我相关的未来认知。我们得出的结论是,工作自我可以组织记忆检索,并在整个生命周期中的自我相关时期制作可访问的情节和语义材料。此外,可以通过检索自传记忆来调节自我图像的可访问性,突出显示康威的记忆和自我之间的双向关系。我们为未来的研究提供了建议,并首次提供了IAM任务的标准化版本,供研究人员使用。
    In this article we present a review of research on the IAM Task, whereby memories are cued by self-images in the form of \"I am … \" statements, such as I am a grandfather, I am a Bob Dylan fan, I am from Darlington, I am a Psychologist. Such cues are particularly successful at accessing memories associated with the formation of specific aspects of the self. We describe the conceptual and historical context for the development of our task and review findings from other researchers who have used the same basic design. We present aggregate data and examples from across several experiments, examining how these patterns change in psychological distress and dysfunction. We also discuss research on \"I will be\" statements and how these have been adopted to examine self-related future cognitions. We conclude that the working self operates to organise memory retrieval and make accessible episodic and semantic material for self-relevant periods across the lifespan. Moreover, accessibility of self-images can be modulated by retrieval of autobiographical memories, highlighting Conway\'s bidirectional relationship between memory and the self. We provide suggestions for future research and for the first time provide a standardised version of our IAM Task for use by researchers.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    一个小型可穿戴相机,SenseCam,从日常经验中被动捕获的图片,这些图片后来被用来评估自传记忆的准确性和完整性。九名本科生穿着SenseCams,每10秒拍照一次,为期两天。一周零一个月后,参与者首先回顾他们在特定时间段(时间表)的经历,然后审查相应的图片进行更正和报告信息省略了最初的召回。结果表明,可穿戴相机作为研究工具的实用性,并说明了日常记忆的几个特征。回忆内容反映了大学生生活的结构。报告了三种不同类型的遗漏:被忽视,提醒,和遗忘。图片刺激记忆,即使是非视觉信息(例如,感情,thoughts),召回率增加23%。初始召回的平均完整性为79%(上限),至少有21%的人遗忘。准确性由参与者自我评分(M=89%),平均错误率(11%)提供了反对强大的重建和复制记忆理论的证据。错误的特征揭示了错误背后的认知过程。召回评级(信心,重温,知识,和频率)支持情节/语义区分,重复的双重过程理论,和重建图像。元记忆度量显示置信度和准确性之间呈正相关。
    A small wearable camera, SenseCam, passively captured pictures from everyday experience that were later used to evaluate the accuracy and completeness of autobiographical memory. Nine undergraduates wore SenseCams that took pictures every 10 s for two days. After one week and one month, participants first recalled their experiences from specific time periods (timeslices), then reviewed the corresponding pictures to make corrections and report information omitted from initial recall. Results demonstrated the utility of wearable cameras as research tools, and illustrated several characteristics of everyday memory. Recall contents reflected the structure of undergraduate lives. Three different types of omissions were reported: neglected, reminded, and forgotten. Pictures stimulated memory, even for non-visual information (e.g., feelings, thoughts), increasing recall by 23%. The mean completeness of initial recall was 79% (upper bound), with at least 21% forgetting. Accuracy was self-scored by participants (M = 89%), and the mean error rate (11%) provided evidence against strong reconstructive and copy theories of memory. The characteristics of errors shed light on the cognitive processes underlying them. Ratings of recall (confidence, reliving, knowledge, and frequency) supported the episodic/semantic distinction, the dual-process theory of repetition, and reconstructive imagery. Metamemory measures showed a positive correlation between confidence and accuracy.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    现在,许多研究表明,一般的信息处理会导致自传记忆系统中记忆的激活。这些研究表明,单词的一般处理,声音,对象,或图片在自愿和非自愿的自传记忆任务(Crovitz提示词任务和警惕任务)上启动自传记忆。认为语义到自传记忆启动,我们在本研究中的目标是证明这种形式的启动会在启动时引起自传记忆的无意识激活(自传自律性).参与者在潜意识和超条件下命名单词,然后接受启动测试(警惕任务)。结果表明,在意识阈值以下处理的单词与在意识阈值以上处理的单词一样,在警惕任务中引发非自愿自传记忆的产生。结果支持这样的观点,即语义到自传启动中的自传记忆激活既是无意的,也是无意识的。
    A number of studies have now shown that general information processing causes the activation of memories in the autobiographical memory system. These studies have shown that general processing of words, sounds, objects, or pictures primes autobiographical memories on voluntary and involuntary autobiographical memory tasks (the Crovitz cue-word task and the vigilance task). Deemed semantic-to-autobiographical memory priming, our goal in the current study was to demonstrate that this form of priming causes the unconscious activation of autobiographical memories (autobiographical automaticity) at the point of priming. Participants named words under subliminal and supraliminal conditions and then received a test of priming (the vigilance task). The results showed that words that were processed below the threshold of awareness were equally likely as words processed above the threshold of awareness to prime the production of involuntary autobiographical memories on the vigilance task. The results support the idea that autobiographical memory activations in semantic-to-autobiographical priming is both unintentional and unconscious.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    我们评估了患有轻度阿尔茨海默病(AD)的个体尽管自传记忆有一些缺陷,可以通过讲故事有效地传达他们的个人经历。
    我们邀请了37名轻度AD患者和37名对照参与者分享他们的个人经历。我们根据讲故事的五个特征对这些叙述进行了评级:焦点,反射,娱乐,结构,和特异性。
    分析表明,患有AD的人传达的记忆比特定的记忆更普遍,在结构化和非结构化记忆之间没有观察到显著差异。重要的是,患有AD的人比没有AD的人更有重点地回忆,有反射比没有反射,这很有趣。与控制参与者相比,患有AD的人的叙述不太集中,结构化,和具体。然而,两个样本在反射或娱乐方面没有观察到显著差异.
    患有轻度AD的人可能难以恢复特定的记忆,但是他们的个人经验故事可以集中,展示反射,和娱乐。患有轻度AD的人可以进行反思和娱乐的自传故事,可能有助于他们的认同感和与他人的联系。
    UNASSIGNED: We assessed whether individuals with mild Alzheimer\'s disease (AD), despite some deficits in autobiographical memory, could effectively convey their personal experiences through storytelling.
    UNASSIGNED: We invited 37 individuals with mild AD and 37 control participants to share their personal experiences. We rated these narratives based on five characteristics of storytelling: focus, reflection, entertainment, structure, and specificity.
    UNASSIGNED: Analyses demonstrated that individuals with AD conveyed more general than specific memories, and no significant differences were observed between structured and unstructured memories. Importantly, individuals with AD recounted more memories with focus than without, with reflection than without, and that were entertaining than were not. Compared with those of the control participants, the narratives of the individuals with AD were less focused, structured, and specific. However, no significant differences were observed between the two samples regarding reflection or entertainment.
    UNASSIGNED: Individuals with mild AD can have difficulties in retrieving specific memories, but their storytelling of personal experience can be focused, exhibit reflection, and be entertaining. Individuals with mild AD can engage in reflective and entertaining autobiographical storytelling, potentially contributing to their sense of identity and connection with others.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    最近的理论观点已经提出,自传记忆过程是由相互感受支持的,对身体内部感觉的感知。然而,这种关系在很大程度上仍未得到充分探索。本研究通过系统地调查自我报告的互感情感与自传记忆的各种个体差异之间的关联,解决了文献中的这一关键差距。在研究1中,在大量参与者(N=247)中使用相关方法,我们确定了交互感觉的标准化测量与自传记忆的一般体验以及非自愿精神时间旅行的频率之间的显着相关性。即使在控制了年龄方面的潜在混杂因素后,这些关联仍然显着。性别,和特质情感,强调他们的稳健性。研究2在另一个大型参与者样本中复制并扩展了研究1中确定的关联(N=257),通过考虑福祉的潜在混杂效应来进一步验证它们。我们的发现表明,个体感知和理解身体信号的能力与他们如何体验自传记忆密切相关。通过采用基于个体差异的探索性方法,我们的研究结果提供了新的和具体的见解之间的关联的相互感受和自传记忆,为将来研究连接这两种结构的因果机制提供了坚实的基础。
    Recent theoretical perspectives have advanced that autobiographical memory processes are supported by interoception, the perception of internal bodily sensations. Yet, this relationship remains largely underexplored. The present study addressed this critical gap in the literature by systematically investigating the association between self-reported Interoceptive Sensibility and various individual differences measures of autobiographical memory. In Study 1, using a correlational approach in a large sample of participants (N = 247), we identified significant correlations between standardised measures of interoception and the general experience of autobiographical memory and the frequency of involuntary mental time travel. These associations remained significant even after controlling for potential confounding factors in terms of age, gender, and trait affectivity, underscoring their robustness. Study 2 replicated and extended the associations identified in Study 1 in another large participant sample (N = 257), further validating them by accounting for the potential confounding effect of well-being. Our findings demonstrate that individuals\' ability to perceive and understand bodily signals robustly relates to how they experience autobiographical memories. By adopting an exploratory approach based on individual differences, our results provide novel and concrete insights into the association between interoception and autobiographical memory, providing a strong foundation for future investigations into the causal mechanisms connecting these two constructs.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    王和康威(2006,自传体记忆,自我,和文化。在L.-G.尼尔森,&N.Ohta(编辑。),记忆与社会:心理学观点(pp.9-27).心理学出版社)认为,记忆发生在文化调制的自我记忆系统中,在该系统中,工作的自我目标由社会塑造,反过来,以文化规范的方式影响记忆的编码和构建。当前的研究考察了能力的自我目标,通过自我增强和自我完善的动机表现出来,在不同文化背景下影响记忆。我们进行了两项跨文化研究,以检查个人成功和失败的记忆(研究1)以及自传和替代经验(研究2)与个人积极的自我观点有关。欧洲裔美国人回忆的成功记忆多于失败记忆(研究1),美国参与者回忆的自传记忆多于替代记忆(研究2)。这进一步与个人层面的积极自我评价有关。相比之下,亚洲人(研究1)和中国人(研究2)甚至回忆起不同类型的记忆,记忆检索与个人的自我观点无关。我们根据能力目标在文化调节的自我记忆系统中塑造记忆的不同表现来讨论这些发现。
    Wang and Conway (2006, Autobiographical memory, self, and culture. In L.-G. Nilsson, & N. Ohta (Eds.), Memory and society: Psychological perspectives (pp. 9-27). Psychology Press) posit that remembering takes place in a culturally modulated self-memory system in which working self-goals are shaped by society and, in turn, influence the encoding and construction of memories in a culturally canonical fashion. The current research examined the self-goal of competence, which manifests through self-enhancement versus self-improvement motivations, in influencing remembering in different cultural contexts. We conducted two cross-cultural studies to examine memories for personal successes and failures (Study 1) and autobiographical and vicarious experiences (Study 2) in connection with individuals\' positive self-views. European Americans recalled a greater number of success than failure memories (Study 1) and US participants recalled a greater number of autobiographical than vicarious memories (Study 2), which was further associated with positive self-views at the individual level. In contrast, Asian (Study 1) and Chinese participants (Study 2) recalled even-handedly the different types of memories, and the memory retrieval was unrelated to individuals\' self-views. We discuss the findings in light of the different manifestations of the competence goal in shaping memory in the culturally modulated self-memory system.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    根据康威的观点,自传记忆(AM)的构建伴随着控制过程。这些过程的范围从根据当前上下文过滤出相关的记忆,生成或阐述适当的检索线索。这些过程可以被概念化为元认知,控制和监控认知过程的能力。实验上,很少有人支持元认知参与AM的观点。为了评估这一点,我们设计了一个任务,找回的感觉。参与者必须预测提示词是否会促进AM访问(即,流畅的访问提示)或不(即,有限的访问提示)在有限的时间内(要么1(Exp.2)或2(实验。1)s).稍后,他们根据这两种线索检索记忆。结果表明,判断为流畅访问的线索导致更好的AM生成,如AM检索延迟和对AM检索难易程度的主观度量所示。这些快速预测可能依赖于认识论感觉和/或其他记忆线索,例如信息的部分检索。这种对AM检索最早阶段的元认知访问说明了Conway(2005)提出的监视AM过程的能力。
    According to Conway\'s view, Autobiographical memory (AM) construction is accompanied by control processes. These processes range from filtering out relevant memories according to the current context, to generating or elaborating appropriate retrieval cues. These processes can be conceptualised as metacognition, the ability to control and monitor cognitive processes. Experimentally, little has been carried out to support the idea that metacognition is involved in AM. To assess this, we designed a task, the Feeling of Retrieval. Participants had to predict whether cue words would facilitate AM access (i.e., fluent access cues) or not (i.e., limited access cues) in a limited time (either 1 (Exp. 2) or 2 (Exp. 1) s). Later, they retrieved memories in response to both types of cues. Results show that cues judged as fluent access led to better AM generation, as illustrated by AM retrieval latency and a subjective measure of the ease with which the AMs were retrieved. These rapid predictions may rely on epistemic feelings and / or other mnemonic cues such as a partial retrieval of information. This metacognitive access to the earliest stages of AM retrieval illustrates the ability to monitor AM processes as proposed by Conway (2005).
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    默认网络被广泛认为是自我生成思想的共同神经基础,例如记住一个人的过去(自传记忆)和想象他人的思想和感受(心理理论)。默认网络由区域的子网络组成的发现——有些是常见的,有些是跨过程的,有些是明显的——表明一个人自己的经历告诉他们对他人的理解。随着精密功能磁共振成像方法的出现,然而,目前还不清楚这种共享的底物是否被观察到,而不是由于传统的组分析方法。我们使用一种新颖的方法策略组合来研究这种可能性。23名参与者接受了多回声静息状态和任务功能磁共振成像。我们使用他们的静息状态扫描进行对个体变异敏感的皮质分裂,但保留了我们进行群体分析的能力。使用多变量分析,当参与者参与自传记忆时,我们评估了默认网络区域的功能激活和连接概况,心理理论,或感觉运动控制状况。在默认网络中,与对照条件相比,我们观察到与自传记忆和心理理论相关的更强的活动。尽管如此,我们还观察到,一些地区对任一实验条件都表现出优先活性,与过去的工作保持一致。连通性结果类似地指示共享和不同的功能概况。我们的结果支持自传记忆和心理理论-社会认知的两个理论上重要且广泛研究的领域-唤起默认网络的共同和不同方面,即使确保对个人特定特征的高保真度。
    The default network is widely implicated as a common neural substrate for self-generated thought, such as remembering one\'s past (autobiographical memory) and imagining the thoughts and feelings of others (theory of mind). Findings that the default network comprises subnetworks of regions, some commonly and some distinctly involved across processes, suggest that one\'s own experiences inform their understanding of others. With the advent of precision functional MRI (fMRI) methods, however, it is unclear if this shared substrate is observed instead due to traditional group analysis methods. We investigated this possibility using a novel combination of methodological strategies. Twenty-three participants underwent multi-echo resting-state and task fMRI. We used their resting-state scans to conduct cortical parcellation sensitive to individual variation while preserving our ability to conduct group analysis. Using multivariate analyses, we assessed the functional activation and connectivity profiles of default network regions while participants engaged in autobiographical memory, theory of mind, or a sensorimotor control condition. Across the default network, we observed stronger activity associated with both autobiographical memory and theory of mind compared to the control condition. Nonetheless, we also observed that some regions showed preferential activity to either experimental condition, in line with past work. The connectivity results similarly indicated shared and distinct functional profiles. Our results support that autobiographical memory and theory of mind, two theoretically important and widely studied domains of social cognition, evoke common and distinct aspects of the default network even when ensuring high fidelity to individual-specific characteristics.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used cutting-edge precision functional MRI (fMRI) methods such as multi-echo fMRI acquisition and denoising, a robust experimental paradigm, and individualized cortical parcellation across 23 participants to provide evidence that remembering one\'s past experiences and imagining the thoughts and feelings of others share a common neural substrate. Evidence from activation and connectivity analyses indicate overlapping and distinct functional profiles of these widely studied episodic and social processes.
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