The use of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has seen significant development over the last two decades, in particular with the development of the tractography of association tracts for preoperative planning of surgery. However, projection tracts are difficult to differentiate from one another and tractography studies have failed to reconstruct these ascending/descending pathways from/to the spinal cord. The present study proposes an atlas of regions of interest (ROIs) designed specifically for projection tracts tractography. Forty-nine healthy subjects were included in this prospective study. Brain DTI was acquired using the same 3 T MRI scanner, with 32 diffusion directions. Distortions were corrected using the FSL software package. ROIs were drawn using the anterior commissure (AC)-posterior commissure (PC) line on the following landmarks: the pyramid for the corticospinal tract, the medio-caudal part of the red nucleus for the rubrospinal tract, the pontine reticular nucleus for corticoreticular tract, the superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles for, respectively, the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tract, the gracilis and cuneatus nucleus for the dorsal columns, and the ventro-posterolateral nucleus for the spinothalamic tract. Fiber tracking was performed using a deterministic algorithm using DSI Studio software. ROI coordinates, according to AC-PC line, were given for each tract. Tractography was obtained for each tract, allowing tridimensional rendering and comparison of tracking metrics between tracts. The present study reports the accurate design of specific ROIs for tractography of each projection tract. This could be a useful tool in order to differentiate projection tracts at the spinal cord level.

Complex neurophysiological and morphologic experiments require suitable animal models for investigation. The rabbit is one of the most successful models for studying spinal cord functions owing to its substantial size. However, achieving precise surgical access to specific spinal regions requires a thorough understanding of the spinal cord\'s cytoarchitectonic structure and its spatial relationship with the vertebrae. The comprehensive anatomo-neurochemical atlases of the spinal cord are invaluable for attaining such insight. While such atlases exist for some rodents and primates, none exist for rabbits. We have developed a spinal cord atlas for rabbits to bridge this gap. Utilizing various neurochemical markers-including antibodies to NeuN, calbindin 28 kDa, parvalbumin, choline acetyltransferase, nitric oxide synthase, and non-phosphorylated heavy-chain neurofilaments (SMI-32 antibody)-we present the visualization of diverse spinal neuronal populations, various spinal cord metrics, stereotaxic maps of transverse slices for each spinal segment, and a spatial map detailing the intricate relationship between the spinal cord and the vertebrae across its entire length.

Respiratory diseases are one of the leading causes of death and disability around the world. Mice are commonly used as models of human respiratory disease. Phenotypic analysis of mice with spontaneous, congenital, inherited, or treatment-related respiratory tract abnormalities requires investigators to discriminate normal anatomic features of the respiratory system from those that have been altered by disease. Many publications describe individual aspects of normal respiratory tract development, primarily focusing on morphogenesis of the trachea and lung. However, a single reference providing detailed low- and high-magnification, high-resolution images of routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections depicting all major structures of the entire developing murine respiratory system does not exist. The purpose of this atlas is to correct this deficiency by establishing one concise reference of high-resolution color photomicrographs from whole-slide scans of H&E-stained tissue sections. The atlas has detailed descriptions and well-annotated images of the developing mouse upper and lower respiratory tracts emphasizing embryonic days (E) 9.0 to 18.5 and major early postnatal events. The selected images illustrate the main structures and events at key developmental stages and thus should help investigators both confirm the chronological age of mouse embryos and distinguish normal morphology as well as structural (cellular and organ) abnormalities.

BACKGROUND: The identification and assessment of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in breast cancer is important for optimised patient management. The aim of this study was to develop an interactive 3D breast SLN atlas and to perform statistical analyses of lymphatic drainage patterns and tumour prevalence.
METHODS: A total of 861 early-stage breast cancer patients who underwent preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT/CT were included. Lymphatic drainage and tumour prevalence statistics were computed using Bayesian inference, non-parametric bootstrapping, and regression techniques. Image registration of SPECT/CT to a reference patient CT was carried out on 350 patients, and SLN positions transformed relative to the reference CT. The reference CT was segmented to visualise bones and muscles, and SLN distributions compared with the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) clinical target volumes (CTVs). The SLN atlas and statistical analyses were integrated into a graphical user interface (GUI).
RESULTS: Direct lymphatic drainage to the axilla level I (anterior) node field was most common (77.2%), followed by the internal mammary node field (30.4%). Tumour prevalence was highest in the upper outer breast quadrant (22.9%) followed by the retroareolar region (12.8%). The 3D atlas had 765 SLNs from 335 patients, with 33.3-66.7% of axillary SLNs and 25.4% of internal mammary SLNs covered by ESTRO CTVs.
CONCLUSIONS: The interactive 3D atlas effectively displays breast SLN distribution and statistics for a large patient cohort. The atlas is freely available to download and is a valuable educational resource that could be used in future to guide treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Design and validation a photographic atlas of Peruvian foods to evaluate the food consumption of children from 6 to 12 months of age.
METHODS: Quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. 12 food groups were established according to their nutrient content. The atlas is designed to be applied to mothers, fathers, or caregivers of children from 6 to 12 months of age. The methodology was divided into four stages: i) selection of the food list, regional recipe books from Peru were reviewed, then interviews with mothers of children in the age range were verified for the final selection of the food list; ii) preparation and weighing of food, utensils were used to establish home measurements and with the established weight the macro and micronutrients were calculated with tables of composition of Peruvian foods; iii) development of the photographic session, a professional photographer with previous experience in similar works was used; and iv) expert validation, with the participation of 5 nutritionists with experience in infant feeding.
RESULTS: The proposed atlas includes 57 foods with a total of 91 photographs. The content validity coefficient according to food category and in total obtained an assessment of 0.75 (Cohen\'s kappa coefficient), which gives it acceptable validity and agreement.
CONCLUSIONS: The photographic atlas of food portions for infant feeding in Peru is a practical, reliable, and culturally appropriate visual tool to help estimate the amount of food consumed by this population, which will facilitate the estimation of food intake.

Background: cervicogenic headaches are common and are believed to be the cause of dysfunction in the upper cervical spine. The mobility and the position of the atlas have been identified as a cause of upper cervical dysfunction. The mobility of the atlas is entirely under the control of the suboccipital muscles. The oblique capitis inferior muscle has a rotatory effect on the atlas when contracted. This study evaluated the immediate effects of a dry needling electrical stimulation-induced contraction of the left oblique capitis inferior muscle on the position and mobility of the atlas in the atlantoaxial joint. Methods: thirty-one subjects participated in this within-subject repeated measure study design. Each subject underwent a pre-measures neck flexion rotation test, palpation of the atlas position, and measurement of the length of the right oblique capitis inferior muscle with musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging. The pre-measures were repeated after two five-second tetanic contractions of the oblique capitis inferior muscle. Results: post-intervention analysis revealed significant changes in the length of the right oblique capitis inferior muscle. This length change correlated with the palpated positional default position immediately after the intervention. Conclusions: two five-second tetanic contractions of the left oblique capitis inferior muscle immediately affected the position of the atlas in the atlantoaxial joint. In our subjects, 90% displayed a positional default in the left rotation, and this was correlated with a change in the neck flexion rotation test. This study supports the notion that suboccipital muscle tonicity can result in mobility dysfunction and, thus, conditions such as cervicogenic headaches.

UNASSIGNED: Ponticulus posticus (PP) is a bony protrusion located between the posterior portion of the superior articular process and the posterolateral portion of a posterior arch of the atlas vertebrae in the cervical spine. The aim of this study is to verify the presence of different types of PP in a Southern Italian pre-orthodontic cohort to understand its correlation with skeletal class and maturity.
UNASSIGNED: A case-control retrospective study was conducted, utilizing 212 latero-lateral telecranium radiographs to analyze skeletal maturity according to the cervical vertebral maturation method, the Angle\'s classification of malocclusion (I, II, or III), and the presence or absence of the PP, whether complete (c-PP) or partial (p-PP). A total of 212 lateral cephalograms were analyzed.
UNASSIGNED: Of the 72 male patients, 67 (93%) exhibited PP, and 116 (88%) were PP. The chi-square value was 0.001, while Cramer\'s V was 0.270, indicating a significant correlation between age groups and PP presence, and a very strong association overall. Out of the 41 complete PP cases, class I was notably more prevalent than classes II and III.
UNASSIGNED: Orthodontists should carefully consider PP when assessing and treating individuals with or without skeletal discrepancies and dental anomalies.

Conventional visual search tasks do not address attention directly and their core manipulation of \'set size\' - the number of displayed items - introduces stimulus confounds that hinder interpretation. However, alternative approaches have not been widely adopted, perhaps reflecting their complexity, assumptions, or indirect attention-sampling. Here, a new procedure, the ATtention Location And Size (\'ATLAS\') task used probe displays to track attention\'s location, breadth, and guidance during search. Though most probe displays comprised six items, participants reported only the single item they judged themselves to have perceived most clearly - indexing the attention \'peak\'. By sampling peaks across variable \'choice sets\', the size and position of the attention window during search was profiled. These indices appeared to distinguish narrow- from broad attention, signalled attention to pairs of items where it arose and tracked evolving attention-guidance over time. ATLAS is designed to discriminate five key search modes: serial-unguided, sequential-guided, unguided attention to \'clumps\' with local guidance, and broad parallel-attention with or without guidance. This initial investigation used only an example set of highly regular stimuli, but its broader potential should be investigated.

The objective of this study was to propose categories of morphological classification for the face and its anatomical structures, as well as to propose illustrations to support the development of an atlas that facilitates facial morphological analysis of adult Brazilians. It was a descriptive study based on the analysis of the frequency and distribution of 13 photoanthropometric facial ratios (RFAs) obtained from a representative sample of the Brazilian population. RFAs related to facial height and width, eye width, intercanthal distance, nose length and width, philtrum ridge height and width, mouth thickness and width, upper and lower lip thickness, and chin height were analyzed. The study included a sample of 5.000 individuals aged between 18 and 22 years, evenly distributed between genders. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, considering them as parametric when p > 0.05. For the RFAs that showed normal distribution, mean ± 1.5 standard deviations (SD) were used to categorize facial measurements as regular, below average, or above average. Non-parametric RFAs were analyzed based on the median and 10th and 90th percentiles of the data. Based on the established average iris diameter, which is considered the most stable facial measurement, the values of the described RFAs were converted to a numerical scale in centimeters, allowing for the illustration of female and male faces. In this way, it was possible to categorize the facial anatomical structures and, consequently, visualize the facial morphological pattern of the adult Brazilian population.

Technological improvements have introduced significant innovations in dentistry and broadened the array of tools and techniques in dental care. One technological development that has been widely researched over the past 20 years is the use of Near-Infrared Transillumination (NIRT) imaging for the diagnosis of dental caries. This paper aims to introduce a comprehensive collection of NIRT images, intended as a reference tool for routine dental examinations, dental research, pedagogical activities, and forensic odontology. The collection presents pairwise clinical and NIRT images categorized as follows: (a) healthy teeth, (b) carious teeth, (c) restored teeth, (d) enamel defects, and (e) diverse findings. This atlas could be a valuable tool for the dental community as it is designed as an identification guide of NIRT illustrated dental features.