全球范围内,在接收废水的地表水中检测到药品和个人护理产品(PPCP),然而它们在生物群中的存在,在很大程度上仍然被研究不足。为了解决这个问题,我们进行了一项研究,测量了维多利亚州污水处理厂(WWTP)上游和下游的现场水样和鱼类中的46PPCP,澳大利亚。我们按照3个站点的设计,沿着四个水道采样了15个站点:WWTP排放(\'热点\'),\'上游\'(〜2公里)和\'下游\'(〜2公里)。还在距污水处理厂排放>100公里的参考地点采样了现场水和鱼类(n=3)。此外,点水样取自污水处理厂流出物(n=3)。从每个地方,我们分析了3-12条鱼(n=131条)。在水道上,无源采样器(POCIS;28d,n=19PPCP)也被部署。用LC-MS-MS分析个体鱼(轴肌)和水。我们发现环境地表水中PPCP的浓度范围为<0.02-0.97μg/L。在污水处理厂污水中,范围为<0.02-1.4μg/L在分析的46个PPCCP中,在斑点水样中检测到12个,在鱼类中检测到5个。在水中,检测到的最高浓度为抗抑郁药文拉法辛(3μg/L)。最常见的PPCPs:文拉法辛(54.9%),美托洛尔(41.2%),普萘洛尔(29.4%),卡马西平(29.4%),咖啡因(17.6%)和磺胺甲恶唑(17.6%)。在分析的131条鱼中,35条鱼在肌肉组织中检测到PPCPs水平。最高肌肉浓度为:文拉法辛(150μg/kg,红鳍鲈鱼),和舍曲林(100μg/kg,鳗鱼)。文拉法辛在红景天中的生物积累因子范围为104-341L/kg,21-1,260L/kg卡马西平在红鳍和鳗鱼,鳗鱼中的舍曲林为367-3,333L/kg。根据我们对文拉法辛的人体健康风险计算,卡马西平,舍曲林,三氯生,还有咖啡因,食用鱼类不会对人类健康构成重大风险。尽管如此,在地表水中检测到的大多数PPCPs超过10ng/L触发值,这导致了EPA的进一步调查。我们的研究强调了使用多种证据来估计PPCP风险的必要性。
Globally, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are detected in surface waters receiving wastewater, yet their presence in biota, remain largely understudied. To address this, we conducted a study that measured 46 PPCPs in spot water samples and fish caught up- and downstream from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Victoria, Australia. We sampled 15 sites located along four waterways following a 3-site design: WWTP-discharge(\'hotspot\'), \'upstream\'(∼2km) and \'downstream\'(∼2km). Spot water and fish were also sampled at reference sites >100km from WWTP discharge (n=3). Additionally, spot water samples were taken from WWTP effluent outflows (n=3). From each locality, we analysed 3-12 fish (n=131 total). In waterways, passive samplers (POCIS;∼28d, n=19 PPCPs) were also deployed. Individual fish (axial muscle) and water were analysed with LC-MS-MS. We found that PPCP concentrations in environmental surface water ranged from<0.02-0.97μg/L. In WWTP effluent, the range was <0.02-1.4μg/L. Of the 46 PPCPs analysed, 12 were detected in spot water samples and five in fish. In water, the highest concentration detected was for antidepressant venlafaxine (3μg/L). The most frequently detected PPCPs: venlafaxine (54.9%), metoprolol (41.2%), propranolol (29.4%), carbamazepine (29.4%), caffeine (17.6%) and sulfamethoxazole (17.6%). Out of 131 fish analysed, 35 fish had detectable levels of PPCPs in the muscle tissue. The highest muscle concentrations were: venlafaxine (150μg/kg, redfin perch), and sertraline (100μg/kg, eel). Bioaccumulation factors ranged from 104-341L/kg for venlafaxine in redfins, 21-1,260L/kg for carbamazepine in redfins and eels, and 367-3,333L/kg for sertraline in eels. Based on our human health risk calculations for venlafaxine, carbamazepine, sertraline, triclosan, and caffeine, consumption of fish does not pose a significant risk to human health. Despite this, most of the detected PPCPs in surface waters exceeded 10ng/L trigger value, which has led to further investigations by EPA. Our study highlights the need for using multiple lines of evidence for estimating risks of PPCPs.