Anthropology

人类学
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:身材是个人外表的关键要素,可以帮助建立他们的身份。在身体被广泛肢解的情况下,分解,或者减少到骨骼遗骸,身材成为通过测量骨骼遗骸来识别未知物的重要组成部分。它的估计依赖于一个人的身高与特定的身体部位和长骨有明确的线性关系的原则。这个过程,在评估年龄的同时,性别,种族构成了人类学协议的基本组成部分。身高估计可以通过解剖学和数学方法来实现。本研究明确定义了从手指长度估计身高的回归模型。得出的公式可以证明在医学法律场景中特别有价值,因为它可以有效地应用,即使只有身体的一部分是可访问的。
    目的:本研究的目的是通过测量食指和无名指的长度来估计个体的身材。
    方法:当前的研究获得了三个测量值,比如身材,右/左食指长度(RIFL/LIFL),和无名指长度(RFL),从220个样本中,包括110名男性和110名女性,分别,年龄在20到60岁之间。
    结果:食指和无名指的长度在法医调查中的应用具有重要意义,因为它们具有作为个体身高可靠预测指标的潜力。根据研究结果,男性的身材明显高于女性。在身材和手指长度(IFL,RFL)双手。女性左侧RFL(r=0.688)和男性LIFL(r=0.552)的相关系数最高。此外,男性的指数和RFL明显长于女性。还成功地得出了用于从无名指和食指长度估计身高的线性回归模型。
    结论:从本研究中获得的结果具有潜在的用途,可用于评估测量指标和RFL在确定身高和通过使用这些参数预测回归模型精度方面的实用性。从这项研究中得出的模型可以作为确凿的证据,用于识别残缺的身体部位或未知的遗骸。
    BACKGROUND: Stature contributes as a crucial element of an individual\'s physical appearance and can be instrumental in establishing their identity. In cases where the body is extensively mutilated, decomposed, or reduced to skeletal remains, stature becomes an essential component in identifying the unknown by means of measuring the skeletal remains. Its estimation relies on the principle that an individual\'s height has a definite and linear relationship with specific body parts and long bones. This process, together with assessing age, sex, and race constitutes the essential components of the anthropological protocol. Stature estimation can be accomplished through both anatomical and mathematical approaches. The present study clearly defines regression models for height estimation from finger lengths. The formula derived can prove particularly valuable in Medico-legal scenarios, as it can be applied effectively even when only a portion of the body is accessible.
    OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study is to estimate the stature of individuals by measuring the length of the index and ring fingers.
    METHODS: The current study acquired three measurements, such as stature, right/left index finger length (RIFL/LIFL), and ring finger length (RFL), from 220 samples, including 110 males and 110 females, respectively, between the age groups of 20 and 60 years.
    RESULTS: The application of the length of the index and ring finger in forensic investigations holds significance due to their potential as reliable predictors of an individual\'s height. According to the findings of the study, males showed significantly higher stature than females. A statistically significant correlation was also observed (p-value = 0) between stature and finger lengths (IFL, RFL) in both hands. The highest correlation coefficients were found for the left RFL (r = 0.688) in females and the LIFL (r = 0.552) in males. Additionally, males showed significantly longer index and RFL than females. Linear regression models for the estimation of stature from ring and index finger length were also derived successfully.
    CONCLUSIONS:  The results obtained from the present study exhibit potential use to evaluate the utility of measuring index and RFLs for determining stature and predicting the precision of regression models by employing those parameters. The models derived from this study can serve as corroborative evidence for identifying mutilated body parts or unknown remains.
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  • 文章类型: News
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    尽管他们并不经常进行明确的交谈,关于否则和恩典的一些学术贡献,分别,以惊人的方式互相呼应。在这篇文章中,作者探讨了其中的一些回声。从理论上讲,对其他事物和恩典的各种方法进行组合,使他能够表明它们都走上了相似的政治道路,并确定它们收敛的三个点:过剩,化身和动荡。本文围绕这三个汇合展开。每个部分都以描述其他方式的特定方式开始,然后与接近恩典的类似方式进行比较。每个部分都以对如此确定的会聚空间的反思作为结尾,有人认为,它们构成了在人类学中部署“政治分析”的有希望的站点。
    Bienqu'ellesnesoientpassouventmisesenconversationlesunesaveclesautres,denombreusescontributionsacadémiquestracitantresponmentdel'autrementetdelagr_cefontéchodefaçonssurprenantes.DansCet文章,j'explorequelques-unsdeceséchos.CER化身和湍流。L'articleeststructureéautourdecestroisconfluences.Chaquesectiondébuteavecladescriptiond'unefafaignpicrospecuulèred'autermentquiestparlelesuitecompareéeavecuneapplicchesimulalairedelagrace.结论:在人类人类发展分析中,研究了人类的发展。
    Although they are not often in explicit conversation with each other, several scholarly contributions about the otherwise and grace, respectively, echo each other in striking ways. In this article, the author explores some of these echoes. Assembling theoretically various approaches to the otherwise and grace allows him to show that they both tread on similar theopolitical paths, and to identify three points on which they converge: excess, incarnation and turbulence. The article is structured around these three confluences. Each section begins with a description of a particular way of approaching the otherwise, which is then compared with a similar way of approaching grace. Each section concludes with reflections on the spaces of convergence thus identified, and it is argued that they constitute promising sites for the deployment of a \'theopolitical analytics\' in anthropology.
    Bien qu’elles ne soient pas souvent mises en conversation les unes avec les autres, de nombreuses contributions académiques traitant respectivement de l’autrement et de la grâce se font écho de façons surprenantes. Dans cet article, j’explore quelques-uns de ces échos. Ce rapprochement théorique de diverses façons de concevoir l’autrement et la grâce me permet de montrer qu’ils suivent tous deux des chemins théopolitiques similaires et d’identifier trois points vers lesquels ils convergent: l’excès, l’incarnation et la turbulence. L’article est structuré autour de ces trois confluences. Chaque section débute avec la description d’une façon particulière d’approcher l’autrement qui est par le suite comparée avec une approche similaire de la grâce. Je conclue chaque section avec des réflexions sur les espaces de convergence ainsi identifiés et soutiens qu’ils constituent des sites prometteurs pour le développement d’une analytique théopolitique en anthropologie.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    作为一个传下来讲故事的角色的生物,我描述了个人发现自己的条件。科学,特别是公共卫生研究,让我有机会运用我的讲故事的技巧来倡导和干预那些不成比例地承受健康状况不佳负担的社区。尽管这两个角色都没有为这项工作的情感损失腾出空间。也不允许我休息足够长的时间来度过被认为是同性恋意味着什么的情感迷雾,黑色,cisgender女人,和讲故事的科学家在一个分层和可恨的世界里,我是如此多。这首诗汇集了我内心的各个世界,用于每个节。这首诗试图调和我的整个自我,和其他经历边缘化的人,为什么我们的同事,国人,社区成员认为它适合延续种族化的人类差异观念,社会经济,性别化,性别,健全,和其他分层线-损害我们的生活。我的同事们怎么能,国人,社区成员愿意接受民主社会的特权,但却放弃了建立民主社会的生活?我的同事们怎么能,国人,和社区成员愿意接受我们的科学,但放弃我们的健康?这首诗汇集了人文,社会和生物科学的多学科话语,清楚地陈述了许多其他人在学术上所拥有的东西。愿这首诗与现有的关于生物化种族虚假的文献配对,赔偿,以及科学中的反身性方法论。要查看这首诗的原始版本,在线查看本文的补充材料部分。
    As a living being that was passed down the role of storytelling, I describe the conditions under which individuals find themselves. Science, and specifically public health research, affords me the opportunity to deploy my storytelling skills toward advocacy and intervention for communities that disproportionately bear the burden of poor health. Although neither role makes space for the emotional toll of this work. Neither allows me to rest long enough to move through the emotional mist of what it means to be perceived as a queer, Black, cisgender woman, and storytelling scientist in a stratified and hateful world where I am so much more. This poem pools from various worlds within me for each stanza. The poem seeks to reconcile for my whole self, and others who experience marginality, why our colleagues, countrypersons, and community members see it fit to perpetuate notions of human difference along racialized, socioeconomic, sexualized, gendered, able-bodied, and other stratified lines-to the detriment of our lives. How can my colleagues, countrypersons, and community members be willing to receive the privileges of a democratic society but discard the lives from which that society was built? How can my colleagues, countrypersons, and community members be willing to receive our science but discard our health? This poem brings together multidisciplinary discourse from the humanities and the social and biological sciences to state plainly what many others have academically. May this poem be paired with existing literature on the falsity of biologized race, reparations, and methodologies of reflexivity in science.To view the original version of this poem, see the Supplemental Material section of this article online.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    将老龄化描述为人类衰退的社会负担,这促使老龄化技术行业(AgeTech)预见了植根于地方老龄化范式的解决方案。这些表面上中立的未来干预措施与社会技术动态交织在一起。虽然科学技术研究(STS)和人类学学者对这些AgeTech实践提出了质疑,有限的文献探讨了行业对未来AgeTech的预测。借鉴STS和期货人类学文献,我询问了AgeTech行业对涉及老年人的未来组装的愿景,智能家居技术,和社会物质话语植根于自己的差异和困境。打开AgeTech期货的包装,我的方法包括审查49份行业报告和29份行业专家访谈。根据报告,我设计了漫画,用于采访专家,包括为老年人设计技术的公司的首席执行官和经理,顾问,和12个国家的老年护理工作者。老龄化未来远非中性或按时间顺序排列的过程,相反,它们是非自愿和支离破碎的。在审查和采访中,在与政府和行业巨头的关系中,我捕捉到了未来分散的AgeTech行业的集合。来自不同国家和职业的参与者在争夺占主导地位的AgeTech叙述中不断出现分裂。在剖析未来的组合时,我还根据不同的专家价值观(例如安全与活动)和人类价值观(例如控制和即兴创作),对非共识未来进行了分析,挑战了预测和监视技术。AgeTech期货超越了物质或技术和人类的组合。它们包括未来的规范性,紧张,发散值,和思想观念。我不仅提出了行业叙事中愿景的替代方案,同时也鼓励学者了解AgeTech行业的困境。
    The negative portrayal of ageing as a human decline burdening society has prompted Ageing Technology industries (AgeTech) to foresee solutions rooted in the Ageing in Place paradigm. These ostensibly neutral future interventions are intertwined with socio-technical dynamics. While Science and Technology Studies (STS) and anthropology scholars have questioned these AgeTech practices, limited literature explores industry\'s predictions of future AgeTech. Drawing on STS and futures-anthropology literature, I interrogate AgeTech industry visions of future assemblages involving older people, smart home technology, and socio-material discourses rooted in their own discrepancies and dilemmas. To unpack AgeTech futures, my methods include a review of 49 industry reports and 29 interviews with industry experts. Based on the reports, I designed comics to be used in interviews with experts spanning CEOs and managers of companies designing technology for older people, consultants, and aged-care workers based in 12 countries. Ageing futures are far from being neutral or a chronological process, instead they are non-consensual and fragmented. In the review and interviews, I captured future assemblages of a fragmented AgeTech industry in relationships with governments and industry giants. The fragmentation continues unfolding in participants from diverse countries and professions contesting dominant AgeTech narratives. In dissecting future assemblages, I also unpack non-consensual futures based on diverging experts\' values (e.g. safety versus activity) and humans\' values like control and improvisation challenging predictive and surveillance technology. AgeTech Futures transcend physical matters or assemblages of technologies and humans. They encompass future normativities, tensions, divergent values, and ideological concepts. I propose not only alternatives to the visions found in industry narratives, but also encourage scholars to understand the AgeTech industry\'s dilemmas.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    死亡年龄估计是法医学和人类学的重要问题。最初,方法依赖于形态学标准,但是随着放射学的进步,出现了新技术,例如多层计算机断层扫描(CT)重建的形态学研究。通过研究年龄与骨矿物质密度(BMD)之间的相关性,最近的研究显示了有希望的结果。然而,目前缺乏涉及分解尸体的死后CT(PMCT)的数据,在事后背景下,关于亨氏单位测量变化的信息有限。鉴于这些差距,我们的研究旨在使用法医样本检查死亡年龄与耻骨和髂骨BMD之间的关系.我们还旨在确定验尸过程,比如腐败,可能会干扰这种相关性。我们的回顾性分析包括在图尔大学医院进行法医学尸检之前进行的637次PMCT。利用简单和多元线性回归,我们调查了年龄与耻骨和髂骨BMD之间的相关性,以及BMD与放射学改变指数(RAI)之间的关系,用于量化腐败程度的量表。我们的研究结果表明,对于没有或中度分解(RAI<80)的身体,使用耻骨和/或髂骨BMD进行死亡年龄估计有希望的结果,尤其是40岁以下的人。然而,对于高度分解的尸体(RAI≥80),气体渗透的存在显着影响the骨和耻骨的BMD。因此,我们主张将RAI评分纳入年龄估计方程,以提高我们在此类病例中结果的准确性.涉及更大的分解体队列的进一步调查可以促进我们的方法在该特定人群中的完善和验证。
    Age-at-death estimation is an important issue in forensic medicine and anthropology. Initially, methods relied on morphological criteria, but with the advancement of radiology, new techniques such as morphological studies on multi-slice computed tomography (CT) reconstructions have emerged. Recent studies have shown promising results by investigating the correlation between age and bone mineral density (BMD). However, there is currently a lack of data on post-mortem CTs (PMCT) involving decomposed bodies, and limited information exists regarding changes in Hounsfield Units measurement in a post-mortem context. In light of these gaps, our study aimed to examine the relationship between age at death and pubic and ilium BMD using a sample of forensic bodies. We also aimed to determine whether post-mortem processes, such as putrefaction, could interfere with this correlation. Our retrospective analysis encompassed 637 PMCTs conducted before medicolegal autopsies at Tours University Hospital. Utilizing simple and multiple linear regressions, we investigated the correlation between age and pubic and ilium BMD, as well as the relationship between BMD and the radiologic alteration index (RAI), a scale employed to quantify the degree of putrefaction. Our findings indicate promising outcomes in age-at-death estimation using pubic and/or ilium BMD for bodies exhibiting no or moderate decomposition (RAI < 80), particularly among individuals under 40 years old. However, for highly decomposed corpses (RAI ≥ 80), the presence of gas infiltration significantly influences the BMD of both the ilium and pubis. Consequently, we advocate for the incorporation of the RAI score into the age estimation equation to enhance the accuracy of our results in such cases. Further investigation involving a larger cohort of decomposed bodies could facilitate refinement and validation of our method within this specific population.
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