Blood supply of the thyroid gland was the subject of numerous original studies, case reports and meta-analysies. The number of surgical procedures carried out on the thyroid gland significantly increases during last few decades. The cadaveric report discusses the case of a thryoidea ima artery (TIA) which originated from the brachiocephalic artery before its terminal subdivision, giving off numerous branches to the infrahyoid muscles, trachea and thyroid gland. Based on the current literature we discuss the prevalence of TIA, its embryology, and possible clinical aspects of this variation, with special attention paid to the postoperative complications.

OBJECTIVE: A translation of the initial observation of vertebral arteria lusoria reported by Hyrtl in 1859 is followed by a review of all cases published until May 2023 to identify the anatomical and clinical features characterizing the typical form of this rare variant.
METHODS: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google queries were performed with \"vertebral arteria lusoria\", \"retroesophageal vertebral artery\", and \"aberrant vertebral artery\" as keywords (in English, German, and French). A feature was considered typical when present in at least 75% of analyzed cases. A case of incidentally discovered vertebral arteria lusoria illustrates the typical form of the variant.
RESULTS: The analysis of 56 publications yielded 66 observations of right-sided vertebral arteria lusoria published between 1859 and May 2023. A small caliber, a retro-esophageal location, and passage through the foramen transversarium of C7 were typical. There was no evidence of association with clinical symptoms or other cardiovascular anomalies.
CONCLUSIONS: A typical vertebral arteria lusoria is an incidentally discovered nondominant aberrant right VA originating from the proximal descending aorta and following a retro-esophageal course to enter the C7 foramen transversarium, without associated aortic arch branching anomalies or congenital cardiovascular pathologies.

Background: The aim of this case was to understand and treat the intricate root canal anatomy observed in complex maxillary first premolars, particularly those exhibiting three root canals, emphasizing the significance of understanding root canal morphological variations in their treatment. Conclusions: This case reported the methods of treating three-root canal maxillary first premolars, including warm vertical compression technique, root canal microsurgery, and the application of rubber dam. The utilization of dental operating microscopes, various surgical strategies, and key assessments of X-rays and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were all essential steps for achieving accurate and safe root canal therapy.

Venous duplications, particularly in the femoral vein, are rare anatomical variations that can complicate the clinical presentation and management of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). This case describes an elderly female who was diagnosed by her primary care physician with a left lower extremity DVT one week prior to her presentation and had been prescribed Xarelto. Despite strict adherence to therapy, her left leg pain, swelling, and discoloration worsened, prompting her hospital admission. On physical examination, her left leg was markedly swollen, violaceous, and tender. A repeat compression ultrasound upon admission revealed an occlusive thrombus within the left common femoral vein. Given the diagnosis of phlegmasia, cerulea dolens, the patient was at risk for irreversible venous gangrene and possible limb loss. Therefore, she was taken to the operating room for venography and a mechanical thrombectomy. Venography of the left lower extremity uncovered an extensive thrombus within a complete duplication of the left femoral vein, as well as in the left common femoral and iliac veins. Thrombosis in a duplicated femoral vein, though rare, is a significant clinical entity. This case highlights the importance of considering anatomical anomalies in patients with refractory symptoms and emphasizes the role of detailed imaging for accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment.

A novel combination of variations involving the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) muscle group was observed bilaterally in a 75-year-old female cadaver during routine dissection. An accessory tendon was observed arising from the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and traveling with the primary tendon through the second compartment of the extensor retinaculum. While the primary tendon inserted on the base of the second metacarpal, as is typical of ECRL, the accessory tendon inserted on the base of the third metacarpal. This insertion is typical of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle. Additionally, bilateral agenesis of the ECRB was reported. Thirty-two additional forearms were assessed for similar variations, with none being observed. This combination of variations adds to the literature regarding the ECR muscle group, while also being of interest to clinicians, specifically regarding tendon reconstructive procedures as well as accessing the distal radial artery via the anatomical snuffbox.

This clinical report presents a unique and previously unreported case of anatomical variations in the mandible, specifically involving the main mental foramen (MF), the mandibular canal (MC), and genial tubercles (GTs). The case involves a 21-year-old male seeking dental implant rehabilitation. The patient exhibited an unusual lingual exit path of the main left MF through the lingual cortical bone, with the MC following an anterior lingual direction along a lingual groove before exiting through the labial cortical bone between the apexes of the left canine and first premolar. Additionally, the patient displayed excessive enlargement and rare shape of the GTs. These rare anatomical findings presented challenges in dental implant planning. This case report emphasizes the importance of advanced imaging techniques like cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in evaluating mandibular structures for precise treatment planning and highlights the significance of understanding anatomical variations to prevent complications in dental procedures.

UNASSIGNED: Lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) is a common spinal variant, with the reported prevalence varying from 8.1% to 36%. LSTV has been shown to alter the lumbo-pelvic parameters and reduce the benefits of total hip arthroplasty, but the specific effects of LSTV on hip development remain unclear. The aim of this study was thus to investigate the impact of LSTV on developmental alterations of the hip.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 310 individuals were categorized into three groups according to whole-body computed tomography (CT) imaging: a group with sacralization of 23 presacral vertebrae (PSV) (n=102), a group with lumbarization of 25 PSV (n=108), and a normal control group with 24 PSV (n=100). Quantitative parameters of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC) including lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS), axial and sagittal acetabular anteversion angle (AAA), center-edge (CE) angle, Sharp angle, and femoral neck-shaft angle (FNSA) were measured and analyzed. Statistical analyses were used to compare the differences of these quantitative parameters among the three groups and to assess the relationship between hip and lumbar-pelvic parameters.
UNASSIGNED: Significant differences between each pair of three groups and the LSTV subgroups were only found in the sagittal AAA (left side: P=0.008; right side: P<0.001), with no differences found for the other parameters. Compared to the normal group (24 PSV), both the 23 PSV and 25 PSV groups exhibited increased values in the sagittal AAA, especially in the right side of the 23 PSV group. Only the sagittal AAA showed low-to-moderate positive correlations with pelvic parameters of PI (r=0.195-0.429; P=0.001-0.08) and PT (r=0.239-0.605; P=0.001-0.03).
UNASSIGNED: Variations of LSTV are correlated with the hip anatomical development via LPHC transmission and may potentially reduce the sagittal acetabular coverage, particularly in the 23 PSV subtype on the right side.

OBJECTIVE: The most common anomaly is an anomalous left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery. These variants can be different and depend on the location as well as how they present themselves in their anatomical distribution and their symptomatological relationship. For these reasons, this review aims to identify the variants of the coronary artery and how they are associated with different clinical conditions.
METHODS: The databases Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS were researched until January 2024. Two authors independently performed the search, study selection, and data extraction. Methodological quality was evaluated using an assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA). Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model.
RESULTS: A total of 39 studies met the established selection criteria. In this study, 21 articles with a total of 578,868 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The coronary artery origin variant was 1% (CI = 0.8-1.2%). For this third sample, the funnel plot graph showed an important asymmetry, with a p-value of 0.162, which is directly associated with this asymmetry.
CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended that patients whose diagnosis was made incidentally and in the absence of symptoms undergo periodic controls to prevent future complications, including death. Finally, we believe that further studies could improve the anatomical, embryological, and physiological understanding of this variant in the heart.

UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to examine the coronoid foramen using CBCT not only according to its localization, distribution to gender and age but also to determine whether there are canals associated with the coronoid foramen and to identify them and their clinical significance.
UNASSIGNED: 488 images obtained between 2022 and 2023 were retrospectively evaluated in sagittal, horizontal, and coronal sections. During the evaluation of the images, the number and localization of the coronoid foramen and the coronoid canals originating from this foramen were recorded and examined. In addition, the patient images were divided into different age groups and the presence of coronoid foramen was analyzed.
UNASSIGNED: Coronoid foramen was detected in 5.1 % and coronoid canal in 1.6 % of the images. Unilateral coronoid foramen was found in 1.4 % and bilateral coronoid foramen was found in 3.7 % of the patients. Unilateral coronoid canal was found in 1.0 % and bilateral coronoid canal in 0.6 % of the patients. When the presence of coronoid foramen was analyzed according to age groups, no significant difference was found between age groups.
UNASSIGNED: Recognition of the coronoid foramen and coronoid canal will not only reduce the likelihood of complications in surgical procedures but also influence the treatment plan. Further research is needed to recognize the content of this variations.

Gastrointestinal diseases pose problems to captive common marmosets. Therefore, knowledge of the anatomy of the arterial supply to the gastrointestinal tract is an important prerequisite for implementing appropriate veterinary care. The common marmoset\'s intestinal tract has a well-developed cecum specialized for the fermentative digestion of tree gums. This specialized gastrointestinal tract may have a unique pattern of arterial distribution. This study aimed to elucidate the species-specific gastrointestinal tract arterial anatomy of the common marmoset. We traced the celiac, cranial mesenteric, and caudal mesenteric arteries in six male and nine female common marmosets using the latex injection method. We found that the celiac artery gave rise to the left gastric, common hepatic, splenic, and caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries. In addition to these arteries, the celiac artery gave origin to the middle colic or jejunal arteries in seven or one cases, respectively. The branches of the cranial mesenteric artery consisted of 3-6 arteries, including the middle colic, caudal pancreaticoduodenal, jejunal, right colic, ileocolic, and ileal arteries, as well as a common trunk of the ventral cecal and ileal branches, and the dorsal cecal and colic branches. In four cases, the cranial mesenteric artery gave rise to the jejunal, ileocolic, and ileal arteries. In one of the 13 cases, the celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries formed a common trunk. The caudal mesenteric artery branched into the left colic, sigmoid, and cranial rectal arteries in all the cases. These findings provide an anatomical basis for gastrointestinal veterinary care of common marmosets.