OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of an intraoral ultrasound (US) device to evaluate alveolar bone by comparing it between different raters and to microCT (µCT) measurements.
METHODS: 38 teeth distributed across three human cadavers were prepared by placing two notches on the facial enamel surface. The maxillary and mandibular teeth were imaged with a custom-designed intraoral 20 MHz ultrasound and µCT with 0.03 mm voxel size. µCT was considered the reference standard for this study. For each sample, the distance from the inferior border of the most apical notch to the tip of the alveolar bone crest on the facial aspect of the teeth was measured from the US and µCT images. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard deviation were calculated.
RESULTS: The intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability for both the µCT and US alveolar bone measurements were found to be excellent (intra-examiner ICC was 0.998 for µCT and 0.997 for US, inter-examiner ICC was 0.996 for µCT and between 0.947 and 0.950 for US). The accuracy of the US was found to be good compared to µCT (ICC between 0.885 and 0.894).
CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated that intraoral ultrasound is highly reliable and accurate compared to the µCT reference standard for evaluating facial alveolar bone height.

Orthodontic treatment is a commonly utilized method for improving both facial aesthetics and occlusal function. During orthodontic treatment irregular, nodular labial protuberances on the labial side of the anterior teeth may occasionally occur, varying in number and size, which is closely connected to the differential bone remodeling patterns on the internal and external surfaces of the labial alveolar bone. Labial protuberances can not only affect the aesthetic results of orthodontic treatment, but also pose potential risks to periodontal health. Currently, it is believed that the influencing factors of the formation of the labial protuberances may be related to the patient\'s gender and age, tooth movement speed, and extent of anterior teeth retraction. Labial protuberances typically resolve spontaneously, however, if it is persistent, alveoloplasty may be necessary for treatment. This review provides a summary on the occurrence hypothesis, influencing factors of formation, potential biological mechanisms, and corresponding treatment methods of labial protuberances during orthodontic treatment.
正畸治疗过程中，患者前牙牙槽骨唇侧有时会出现不规则、大小不一的结节性骨性凸起，这与牙槽骨内外表面的差异性骨改建有着密切关系。牙槽骨唇侧骨性凸起不仅会对正畸治疗的美学效果产生负面影响，还可能增加牙周风险。目前认为牙槽骨唇侧骨性凸起形成可能与患者性别年龄、牙齿移动速度、前牙内收距离有关。唇侧骨性凸起存在一定自限性，若出现不能自行消退的唇侧骨性凸起需通过牙槽骨修整术进行治疗。本文通过文献回顾，系统性介绍正畸过程中前牙牙槽骨唇侧骨性凸起的发生假说、形成的影响因素、潜在生物力学机制及其对应治疗策略，以期为临床提供预防和治疗的理论支持，也有助于深入理解正畸治疗中牙槽骨改建的规律和相关机制。.

BACKGROUND: The study objectives were to determine tooth loss prevalence and to investigate the relationship between tooth loss and potential risk factors among adult dentate HIV+ patients on newer antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens.
METHODS: Health records of 450 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals were surveyed. Eighty-eight records of dentate HIV+ individuals with full-mouth periodontal charting and intra-oral periapical radiographs were identified. We collected data on demographics, systemic risk factors, oral health, and HIV disease measures. Caries exposure and alveolar bone loss (ABL) were radiographically assessed.
RESULTS: Eighty-eight percent of patients showed tooth loss. Patients with ABL ≥15% had a higher number of missing teeth (p < .01). Stepwise regression analyses indicated that tooth loss was positively associated with age (β = 0.45, p < .01) and ABL (β = 0.39, p < .01). By contrast number of years on ART was negatively associated with tooth loss (β = -0.28, p < .05).
CONCLUSIONS: Tooth loss remains prevalent among HIV+ patients, and periodontal disease is a significant contributor. The number of years on ART seem to improve oral health behavior and reduce tooth loss.

Minocycline, the synthetic derivative of the antibiotic tetracycline, has been used for a variety of medical treatments. One such use for minocycline is for acne vulgaris. Although widely used, minocycline has a common side effect of discoloration of tissues, including bone, skin, and mucosa. This case report presents a 19-year-old female patient with a history of long-term minocycline therapy for acne vulgaris who presented for periodontal esthetic crown lengthening. The initial exam revealed a blue-gray discoloration of the mucosa. Upon surgical exploration, it was discovered that the discoloration originated from the underlying alveolar bone with minimal gingival involvement. Surgical removal and recontouring of the bony exostoses revealed that the bone remained deeply stained. Although the discolored bone was not fully removed, the patient was able to obtain an acceptable esthetic result.

The gold standard for bone regeneration in atrophic ridge patients is guided bone regeneration (GBR). This makes it possible to get enough bone volume for an appropriate implant-prosthetic rehabilitation. The barrier membranes must meet the primary GBR design requirements, which include adequate integration with the surrounding tissue, spaciousness and clinical manageability. Titanium mesh\'s superior mechanical qualities and biocompatibility have broadened the indications of GBR technology, enabling it to be used to restore alveolar ridges with more significant bone defects. GBR with titanium mesh is being used in many clinical settings and for a range of clinical procedures. Furthermore, several advancements in digitalization and material modification have resulted from the study of GBR using titanium mesh. Hence, we report a review on the various characteristics of titanium mesh and its current use in clinical settings for bone augmentation.

This retrospective study assessed maxillary premolar and molar teeth and identified roots with incomplete apical bone coverage using cone beam computed tomography in 161 dogs. The associated dorsal anatomic sites that the roots communicated with were the ventral nasal meatus, maxillary recess, infraorbital canal, and pterygopalatine fossa. The study found that all roots of the maxillary premolar and molar teeth have the potential for incomplete apical bone coverage, with 26.7% having incomplete apical bone coverage. No significant association with sex was found. A significant association with weight was found, and this lowered with increasing body weight. Facial index, as a determinate of skull shape, was found to be significant in only 35.7% of roots in univariate and 14.2% of roots in multivariate modeling. Knowledge of the anatomy of these roots plays an important role in safe and effective extraction techniques, in reducing iatrogenic trauma, and in understanding the potential local effects of periodontal and endodontic disease.

UNASSIGNED: The study aimed to ascertain how Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis Gel affects the expression of protein dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1) in alveolar Wistar rats after tooth extraction.
UNASSIGNED: Rats were given A. cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis gel was in the socket after tooth extraction, and then the wound was sutured. The rats were sacrificed for 8 and 15 days following tooth extraction. The results on the 8th and 15th days demonstrate that the expression of DMP-1 in the treatment group is significantly higher than in the control group.
UNASSIGNED: Expression of DMP-1 in the socket after tooth extraction on days 8 and 15 with a 400x magnification light microscope in both of the A. cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis gel treatment groups showed significant differences compared to the control group.
UNASSIGNED: The use of A. cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis gel can stimulate DMP-1 expression in alveolar bone after tooth extraction.

OBJECTIVE: Alveolar bone quality is essential for the maxillofacial integrity and function, and depends on alveolar bone mineralization. This study aims to investigate the in vivo changes in alveolar bone mineralization, from the perspective of mineral deposition and crystal transition in postnatal rats.
METHODS: Nine postnatal time points of Wistar rats, ranging from day 1 to 56, were set to obtain the maxillary alveolar bone samples. Each time point consisted of ninety rats, with 45 females and 45 males. Macromorphology of alveolar bone was reconducted by Micro-Computed Tomography and the mineral content was quantified via Thermogravimetric analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope, High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and vibrational spectroscopy. Furthermore, the crystallinity and composition were characterized by vibrational spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Selected Area Electron Diffraction.
RESULTS: The progressive increase of mineral deposition was accompanied by substantial growth in alveolar bone mass and volume in postnatal rats. Whereas the mineral percentage initially decreased and then increased, reaching a nadir on postnatal day 14 (P14) when tooth eruption was first observed. Besides, localized mineralization was initiated by the formation of amorphous precursors and then converted into mineral crystals, while there was no statistically significant change in the average crystallinity of the bone during growth.
CONCLUSIONS: Mineralization of alveolar bone is ongoing throughout the early growth in postnatal rats. Mineral deposition increases with age, whereas the crystallinity remains stable within a certain range. Besides, the mineral percentage reaches its lowest point on P14, which may be attributed to tooth eruption.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the temporal and spatial changes in the expression of periostin during periodontal inflammation in mice.
METHODS: A periodontitis model was constructed using silk thread ligation. Mice were randomly divided into five groups including control group, 4-day ligation group, 7-day ligation group, 14-day ligation group, and self-healing group (thread removal for 14 days after 14-day ligation). Micro-CT and histological staining were performed to characterize the dynamic changes in the mouse periodontal tissue in each group. RNAscope and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze the pattern of changes in periostin at various stages of periodontitis. The cell experiment was divided into three groups: control group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation group (treated with LPS for 12 h), and LPS stimulation removal group (treated with LPS for 3 h followed by incubation with medium for 9 h). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of periostin, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2).
RESULTS: Significant alveolar bone resorption was observed 7 days after ligation. With increasing duration of ligation, the damage to the mouse periodontal tissue was aggravated, which manifested as increased osteoclasts, widening of the periodontal membrane space, and decreased alveolar bone height. Some degree of periodontal tissue repair was observed in the self-healing group. Periostin expression decreased at 4 and 7 days compared with the control group and increased at 14 days compared with 4 and 7 days. A significant recovery was found in the self-healing group. The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of periostin and TGF-β1 in the LPS stimulation group decreased compared with that in the control group but significantly recovered in the LPS removal group.
CONCLUSIONS: Periostin expression in the PDL of mice showed a downward and upward trend with inflammation progression. The significant recovery of periostin expression after removing inflammatory stimuli may be related to TGF-β1, which is crucial to maintain the integrity of the PDL.
目的: 研究小鼠牙周炎进程中骨膜蛋白表达的时空变化规律。方法: 采用丝线结扎法构建小鼠牙周炎模型。设置对照组、栓丝4 d组、栓丝7 d组、栓丝14 d组、自愈组（栓丝14 d再去除丝线14 d），通过Micro-CT、组织学染色观察各组小鼠牙周组织的动态变化特征，利用RNAscope、免疫组织化学染色分析牙周膜内骨膜蛋白在牙周炎进程不同阶段的变化规律。培养人牙周膜细胞并随机分为对照组、脂多糖（LPS）刺激组（LPS处理12 h）、去除LPS刺激组（LPS处理3 h后再用培养基培养9 h），实时定量聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）检测骨膜蛋白、转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）、基质金属蛋白酶2（MMP2）的表达。结果: 栓丝7 d组可见明显的牙槽骨吸收，栓丝14 d组牙周组织破坏加重，表现为破骨细胞增多、牙周膜间隙增宽、牙槽骨高度降低，而自愈组见一定程度的牙周组织修复。与对照组相比，栓丝4 d组、栓丝7 d组牙周膜内骨膜蛋白表达降低，栓丝14 d组骨膜蛋白表达相较于栓丝4 d组及栓丝7 d组增加，自愈组骨膜蛋白表达与对照组相似。qRT-PCR结果显示，LPS刺激组与对照组相比骨膜蛋白、TGF-β1的表达均下降，而去除LPS刺激组与LPS刺激组相比骨膜蛋白、TGF-β1的表达均升高。结论: 小鼠牙周膜内骨膜蛋白表达随炎症进展呈先下降后回升的趋势，去除炎症刺激后骨膜蛋白表达的恢复可能与TGF-β1表达上调有关。.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the differences in the buccolingual inclination and transverse width of maxillary and mandibular first molars among different vertical facial types.
METHODS: In all, 78 samples were divided into three groups based on the GoGn-SN angle: the low-angle group (n = 26, mean age=24.21±5.11), average-angle group (n = 26, mean age=22.66±3.72), and high-angle group (n = 26, mean age=22.23±2.43). Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) measurements were used to assess the buccolingual inclination of the axis of the maxillary and mandibular first molars, as well as the buccolingual inclination of the alveolar bone, the dental arch width, and the basal bone width. One-way ANOVA, the LSD test, and Pearson correlation analysis were performed.
RESULTS: The high-angle group showed significantly greater lingual inclination of the maxillary alveolar bone than the low-angle group and average-angle group (p < 0.001; p < 0.05). The difference in buccolingual inclination of the axis of the maxillary first molar and the alveolar bone was significantly greater in the high-angle group than in the low-angle group (p < 0.05). Both the maxillary and mandibular dental arch were significantly narrower in the high-angle group than in the other two groups. The mandibular basal bone was also significantly narrower in the high-angle group than in the low-angle group and average-angle group (p < 0.001; p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: The alveolar bone of maxillary first molar in the high-angle group was more palatal inclined than that the low-angle group and the average-angle group, which suggests that orthodontists should pay more attention to the root-bone relationship in the high-angle group during expansion treatment to prevent bone fenestration and dehiscense.