Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an established resource for people suffering from alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, Bill Wilson, the co-founder of AA, in his second letter to Jung referred to its low success rate. One evidence-based alternative, dating back to the 1950s, is the clinical use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for treating AUD. Bill Wilson was a strong advocate of using LSD as a preparation for alcoholics who had difficulty grasping the spiritual aspect of the 12-step programme. Bill Wilson wrote a \"secret\" four-page letter to Carl Jung detailing his own use of LSD and the success two psychiatrists in Canada had in treating alcoholics and asked for his advice on using LSD to help alcoholics. Aniela Jaffé, a Jungian analyst and co-worker of Jung, replied to Wilson on May 29, 1961, \"… as soon as Dr. Jung feels better and has enough strength to begin again his mail, I will show it to him.\" Jung died a week later. This article quotes Jung\'s previous hostile opinions on psychedelics and asks: Just as Jung overcame his negative views on groups when giving \"complete instructions\" on extending the 12-step programme of AA to \"general neurotics\", might he similarly have changed his mind when he saw the documented success of using LSD with recalcitrant alcoholics?
Alcooliques Anonymes (A.A.) est une ressource reconnue pour les personnes souffrant du Trouble de l\'Usage de l\'Alcool (TUA). Bill Wilson, co‐fondateur des AA, dans sa deuxième lettre à Jung, a fait référence à son faible taux de réussite. Une alternative fondée sur des preuves, et qui remonte aux années 1950, est l\'utilisation médicale de l\'acide lysergique diéthylamide (LSD) pour le traitement du TUA. Bill Wilson a fortement préconisé l\'utilisation du LSD pour la préparation des alcooliques qui avaient des difficultés à saisir l\'aspect spirituel du programme en douze étapes. Bill Wilson écrivit à Carl Jung une lettre de quatre pages, « secrète », exposant en détails sa propre utilisation du LSD et le succès de deux psychiatres canadiens dans le traitement de personnes alcooliques avec le LSD. Il demandait conseil à Jung sur l\'utilisation du LSD pour aider les alcooliques. Aniela Jaffé, une analyste jungienne et collaboratrice de Jung répondit à Wilson le 29 mai 1961 : « … dès que le Dr Jung se sentira mieux et aura suffisamment de force pour recommencer à s\'occuper de son courrier, je lui montrerai. » Jung est mort une semaine plus tard. Cet article cite les opinions antérieures négatives de Jung concernant les drogues psychédéliques et pose la question suivante: tout comme Jung avait dépassé ses perspectives négatives sur les groupes en donnant des « instructions complète » sur l\'extension du programme en douze étapes pour les « névrosés de base », aurait‐il de la même manière changé d\'avis s\'il avait vu les résultats probants de l\'utilisation du LSD avec les alcooliques récalcitrants?
Die Anonymen Alkoholiker (A.A.) sind eine etablierte Adresse für Menschen, die an einer Alkoholabhängigkeit (AUD) leiden. Bill Wilson, der Mitbegründer von AA, verwies jedoch in seinem zweiten Brief an Jung auf die geringe Erfolgsquote. Eine evidenzbasierte Alternative, die bis in die 1950‐er Jahre zurückreicht, ist die klinische Verwendung von Lysergsäurediethylamid (LSD) zur Behandlung von AUD. Bill Wilson war ein starker Befürworter der Verwendung von LSD als Vorbereitung für Alkoholiker, die Schwierigkeiten hatten, den spirituellen Aspekt des 12‐Schritte‐Programms zu begreifen. Bill Wilson schrieb einen “geheimen” vierseitigen Brief an Carl Jung, in dem er ausführlich über seinen eigenen LSD‐Konsum und den Erfolg zweier Psychiater in Kanada bei der Behandlung von Alkoholikern mit LSD berichtete, und bat um Jungs Rat zur Verwendung von LSD zur Behandlung von Alkoholikern. Aniela Jaffé, eine jungianische Analytikerin und Mitarbeiterin von Jung, antwortete Wilson am 29. Mai 1961: “…sobald Dr. Jung sich besser fühlt und genug Kraft hat, um sich seiner Post wieder zu widmen, werde ich sie ihm zeigen.” Jung starb eine Woche später. Dieser Artikel zitiert Jungs frühere feindselige Meinungen zu Psychedelika und fragt: So wie Jung seine negativen Ansichten gegenüber Gruppen überwunden hat, als er “vollständige Anweisungen” zur Erweiterung des 12‐Schritte‐Programms von A.A. gab, hätte er vielleicht auch seine Meinung geändert, als er den dokumentierten Erfolg der Verwendung von LSD bei widerspenstigen Alkoholikern sah?
Alcolisti Anonimi (A.A.) è una risorsa consolidata per le persone affette da Disturbo da Uso di Alcol (AUD). Tuttavia, Bill Wilson, il cofondatore di AA, nella sua seconda lettera a Jung fece riferimento al suo basso tasso di successo. Un\'alternativa basata sull\'evidenza, risalente agli anni\'50, è l\'uso clinico della dietilammide dell\'acido lisergico (LSD) per il trattamento dell\'AUD. Bill Wilson è stato un forte sostenitore dell\'uso di LSD come preparazione per gli alcolisti che avevano difficoltà a comprendere gli aspetti spirituali del programma in 12 fasi. Bill Wilson scrisse una lettera “segreta” di quattro pagine a Jung, in cui descriveva dettagliatamente il suo uso di LSD ed il successo che due psichiatri in Canada avevano avuto nel trattare gli alcolisti con LSD. Nella lettera Wilson chiese consiglio a Jung sull\'uso dell\'LSD per aiutare gli alcolisti. Aniela Jaffé, analista junghiana e collaboratrice di Jung, rispose a Wilson il 29 maggio 1961: “… non appena il dott. Jung si sentirà meglio e avrà abbastanza forza per cominciare a scrivere, gliela mostrerò.” Jung morì una settimana dopo. Questo articolo cita le precedenti opinioni di Jung ostili sugli psichedelici e si chiede: Considerando che Jung superò le sue opinioni negative su questi gruppi quando diede “istruzioni complete” sull\'estensione del programma in 12 fasi degli A.A. per i “nevrotici generici”, potrebbe aver cambiato idea allo stesso modo quando vide il successo documentato dell\'uso dell\'LSD con alcolisti recalcitranti?
Общество Анонимных алкоголиков (АА) получило признание в качестве средства помощи людям, страдающим расстройствами, связанными с употреблением алкоголя. Однако Билл Уилсон, соучредитель АА, в своем втором письме Юнгу упомянул низкий уровень успеха. Еще в 1950‐х годах одной из научно обоснованных альтернатив лечения расстройств, связанных с употреблением алкоголя, стало клиническое применение диэтиламида лизергиновой кислоты (ЛСД). Билл Уилсон был ярым сторонником использования ЛСД в качестве препарата для лечения алкоголиков, которым трудно понять духовный аспект 12‐шаговой программы. Билл Уилсон написал Карлу Юнгу “секретное” письмо на четырех страницах, в котором подробно описал успешный опыт лечения алкоголиков с помощью ЛСД двумя канадскими психиатрами и свой собственный опыт применения этого вещества и попросил у Юнга совета по поводу использовании ЛСД для помощи алкоголикам. Юнгианский аналитик и коллега Юнга Аниэле Яффе ответила Уилсону 29 мая 1961 года, что “…как только доктор Юнг почувствует себя лучше и у него будет достаточно сил, чтобы возобновить переписку, я покажу ему ваше письмо”. Неделю спустя Юнг умер. В этой статье приводятся предшествующие негативные отзывы Юнга о психоделиках и ставится вопрос: если Юнг изменил свое негативное мнение о группах АА и стал составлять “исчерпывающие рекомендации” по распространению 12‐шаговой программы на “обычных невротиков”, то мог ли он аналогичным образом изменить свои взгляды благодаря документально подтвержденным данным об успешном применении ЛСД с трудно поддающимися лечению алкоголиками?
Alcohólicos Anónimos (A.A.) es un recurso establecido para las personas que padecen Trastorno por Consumo de Alcohol (AUD). Sin embargo, Bill Wilson, cofundador de AA, en su segunda carta a Jung se refirió a su baja tasa de éxito. Una alternativa basada en la evidencia, que se remonta a la década de 1950, es el uso clínico de la dietilamida del ácido lisérgico (LSD) para tratar el AUD. Bill Wilson era un firme defensor del uso del LSD como preparación para los alcohólicos que tenían dificultades para captar el aspecto espiritual del programa de 12 pasos. Bill Wilson escribió una carta “secreta” de cuatro páginas a Carl Jung en la que detallaba su propio uso del LSD y el éxito que habían tenido dos psiquiatras en Canadá en el tratamiento de alcohólicos con LSD y le pedía consejo a Jung sobre el uso del LSD para ayudar a los alcohólicos. Aniela Jaffé, analista Junguiana y compañera de trabajo de Jung, respondió a Wilson el 29 de mayo de 1961: “…tan pronto como el Dr. Jung se sienta mejor y tenga fuerzas suficientes para mirar de nuevo su correo, se lo mostraré”. Jung murió una semana después. Este artículo cita las anteriores opiniones hostiles de Jung sobre los psicodélicos y pregunta: Del mismo modo que Jung superó sus opiniones negativas sobre los grupos al dar “instrucciones completas” sobre la extensión del programa de 12 pasos de A.A. a los “neuróticos en general”, ¿podría haber cambiado de opinión de forma similar cuando vio el éxito documentado del uso del LSD con alcohólicos recalcitrantes?
匿名戒酒会, 比尔‐威尔逊, 卡尔‐荣格和麦角酰二乙胺 (LSD) 匿名戒酒协会(A.A.)是为酒精使用障碍 (AUD)患者提供的一个成熟资源。然而, AA 联合创始人比尔·威尔逊 (Bill Wilson) 在给荣格的第二封信中提到了 AA 的成功率很低。有一种徇证的替代方法可以追溯到 20 世纪 50 年代, 那就是临床使用麦角酰二乙胺 (LSD)来治疗 AUD。戒酒互助会的共同创始人比尔‐威尔逊 (Bill Wilson)曾大力提倡使用LSD作为酗酒者的戒酒准备, 认为LSD可以帮助那些在掌握 12 步戒酒计划的精神方面存在困难的酗酒者做好准备。比尔‐威尔逊曾经给卡尔‐荣格写了一封长达四页的 “密信”, 信中详细描述了自己使用LSD的情况, 以及加拿大两位精神病医生用LSD治疗酗酒者取得的成功, 并请求荣格就使用LSD帮助酗酒者提供建议。1961年5月29日, 荣格的同事、荣格分析师阿尼埃勒‐雅菲给威尔逊回信说:“......只要荣格医生感觉好些了, 有足够的力量重新开始处理他的邮件, 我就会给他看。” 但一周后, 荣格便去世了。这篇文章引用了荣格之前对迷幻剂的敌对观点, 并提出了疑问:荣格曾在看完匿名戒酒会扩展版“引发神经症”的12步程序的“完整指引”后, 改变了对其消极的看法。那么加入他看到了使用LSD治疗顽固酗酒者的成功案例后, 是否也会改变的看法呢?

Alcoholism remains an urgent problem, as alcohol-related mortality is approximately 10 times higher than that from all drugs and accounts for 5.1% of the total global burden of disease. The solution to this problem is multifaceted and includes a wide range of medical services. The article on alcohol use disorders provides an overview of one of the largest support programs for people with alcohol dependence - Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). It is noted that the initial AA intervention includes work through social communication and the «12 steps» program. Its purpose is to facilitate internal psychological, emotional and spiritual changes that are considered necessary to maintain the status of abstinence from alcohol.

暂无摘要。

Aim: This exploratory study analyses the interplay between the treatment philosophies of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Relapse Prevention (RP) in personal stories of addiction. While the basic ideas of AA and RP are compatible in many ways, they also carry some fundamental differences. Methods: The data consisted of interviews with 12 individuals recovering from substance use problems, who had experience of both AA and RP. The analysis drew on a dialogical narrative perspective, and the concept polyphony was used to shed light on the interplay between different treatment philosophies in personal stories of relapse. Findings: Although sometimes resulting in incoherence, the treatment philosophies were combined idiosyncratically, in ways that appeared productive for the participants\' self-images and recovery journeys. Conclusion: The combination of AA and RP philosophies in narratives of relapse and recovery may reflect a new treatment discourse where individualisation and responsibilisation stand in a complicated relationship with collectivism and surrendering to so-called addicting processes.

BACKGROUND: Although attending substance use-focused mutual-help meetings online may reduce attendance barriers, associations of attendance mode with group participation and outcomes are unknown. Using longitudinal data from mutual-help group attendees, this study, after identifying differences in baseline characteristics by attendance mode, examined associations of attendance mode with mutual-help participation (number of meetings attended, involvement) and outcomes (alcohol abstinence, heavy drinking, alcohol problems).
METHODS: The Peer Alternatives for Addiction Study 2021 Cohort sampled attendees of 12-step groups (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous), Women for Sobriety, LifeRing Secular Recovery, and/or SMART Recovery in-person and/or online within 30 days before baseline. The baseline sample, recruited in fall 2021, was 531 adults with lifetime alcohol use disorder, followed at 6 (88 %) and 12 months (85 %). Differences in baseline characteristics by attendance mode were tested using Chi-squares and ANOVAs. GEE models examined associations of attendance mode, time, and their interactions with mutual-help group participation and alcohol outcomes. The in-person only mode was compared to the online-only, and to the in-person plus online, modes.
RESULTS: At baseline, 53.7 % of participants had attended only online meetings in the past 30 days, 33.7 % had attended both in-person and online meetings, and 12.6 % had attended only in-person meetings. Online meeting attendees were less likely to endorse lifetime abstinence as an alcohol recovery goal than in-person-only meeting attendees. In adjusted models (including for recovery goal), those attending online meetings only, or both online and in-person meetings, attended a greater number of meetings compared to those attending only in-person meetings. However, online-only attendance was associated with less involvement than in-person-only attendance. In adjusted models, compared to baseline, involvement increased and outcomes improved at follow-ups. Adjusted models examining alcohol outcomes found that no attendance at mutual-help groups at follow-ups was associated with more heavy drinking compared to in-person-only attendance.
CONCLUSIONS: Findings inform efforts to ascertain benefits of mutual-help group participation by suggesting that online attendance is associated with attending more meetings, less involvement, and lower endorsement of abstinence as a recovery goal, and is comparable to in-person attendance on alcohol outcomes. In-person attendance may be more beneficial for less heavy drinking than terminating attendance.

BACKGROUND: Some individuals seeking recovery from alcohol use disorder (AUD) attend Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) while others choose newer alternatives such as Self-Management and Recovery Training (\"SMART\" Recovery). Some even attend both, while some choose not to attend either. Little is known about why people choose which pathway(s), and what they like, dislike, and find helpful. Greater knowledge could provide insights into the phenomenology of recovery experiences and enhance the efficiency of clinical linkage to these resources.
METHODS: Cross-sectional, qualitative, investigation (N = 80; n = 20 per condition; 50%female) of individuals attending either AA-only, SMART-only, both, or neither. Participants were asked why they initially chose that pathway, what they like and dislike, and what helps. Responses were coded using an inductive grounded theory approach with utterances recorded and categorized into superordinate domains and rank-ordered in terms of frequency across each question and recovery pathway.
RESULTS: AA participants reported attending due to, as well as liking and finding most helpful, the common socio-community aspects, whereas SMART attendees went initially due to, as well as found most helpful, the different format as well as the CBT/science-based approach. Similar to AA, however, SMART participants liked the socio-community aspects most. \"Both\" participants reported liking and finding helpful these perceived relative strengths of each organization. \"Neither\" participants reported reasons for non-attendance related to lower problem severity - perceiving no need to attend, and anxiety about privacy, but reported using recovery-related change strategies similar to those prescribed by AA, SMART and treatment (e.g., stimulus control, competing behaviors). Common dislikes for AA and SMART centered around irritation due to other members behaviors, a need for more SMART meetings, and negative experiences with SMART facilitators.
CONCLUSIONS: Common impressions exist among individuals selecting different recovery pathway choices, but also some differences in keeping with the group dynamics and distinct approaches inherent in AA and SMART. AA attendees appear to go initially for the recovery buoyancy derived from the social ethos and camaraderie of lived experience and may end up staying for the same reason; those choosing SMART, in contrast, appear to attend initially for the CBT/science-based content and different approach but, like AA participants, may end up staying due to the same camaraderie of lived experience. Those participating in both AA and SMART appear to capitalize on the strengths of each organization, suggesting that some can psychologically accommodate and make use of theoretically distinct, and sometimes opposing, philosophies and practices.

BACKGROUND: Mutual-help organizations (MHOs) are effective community-based, recovery support options for individuals with alcohol and other drug use disorders (i.e., substance use disorder; SUD). Greater understanding of second-wave MHOs, such as SMART Recovery, can help build on existing research that has focused primarily on 12-step MHOs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, to inform scientific, practice, and policy recommendations.
METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of the National Recovery Study, a representative sample of US adults who resolved a substance use problem (N = 1984). Using survey-weighted estimates, we examined descriptive statistics for any lifetime, weekly lifetime, and past 90-day MHO attendance; we compared rates of 12-step and second-wave MHO attendance over time by descriptively examining distributions for calendar year of the first meeting attended. We also used two logistic regression models to examine demographic, substance use, clinical, and recovery-related correlates of weekly lifetime attendance separately for 12-step (n = 692) and second-wave MHOs (n = 32).
RESULTS: For any attendance, 41.4% attended a 12-step MHO and 2.9% a second-wave MHO; for weekly attendance, 31.9% attended a 12-step MHO, and 1.7% a second-wave MHO. Two-thirds (64%) of initial second-wave attendance occurred between 2006 and 2017 compared to 22% of initial 12-step attendance during this time frame. Significant correlates of weekly 12-step MHO attendance included histories of SUD treatment and arrest. Significant correlates of weekly second-wave MHO attendance included Black identity (vs. White) and history of SUD medication.
CONCLUSIONS: Attendance at second-wave MHOs is far less common than 12-step MHOs, but appears to be on the rise. Observed correlates of second-wave MHO attendance should be replicated in larger second-wave MHO samples before integrating these findings into best practices. Enhanced linkages from clinical and criminal justice settings to both second-wave and 12-step groups may help to \"broaden the base\" of MHOs.

OBJECTIVE: The central aim of this study was to determine whether intentional, voluntary alcoholics anonymous (AA) participation showed any independent association with affect, over and above that which has been observed in association with other recovery-related behaviors, such as abstinence, among individuals with a history of alcohol use disorder. Additionally, we sought to determine the nature of the affective changes associated with specific dimensions of AA participation (i.e. meeting  attendance, fellowship  involvement, 12-step  work).
METHODS: Thirty abstinent alcohol use disorder individuals were recruited and evaluated. Multivariate linear regressions were used to examine associations between dimensions of AA participation, measured using the Multidimensional Mutual-Help Assessment Scale and standardized measures of affective experiences, including the Profile of Mood States, Subjective Happiness Scale, and the Twelve Promises Scale.
CONCLUSIONS: Increase in AA participation was associated with higher positive affective experiences. These associations were observed independently with AA meeting  attendance and fellowship  involvement, but not 12-step work. This study\'s findings suggest that greater AA meeting  attendance and fellowship  involvement are correlated with enhancements in the meta-emotional experience of personal meaningfulness. This study extends evidence on AA-related changes by considering affective improvements as a primary clinical outcome, thereby laying the foundation for subsequent, more comprehensive research into the relationship between dimensions of AA participation and recovery-related affective changes.

BACKGROUND: Mutual-help organizations (MHOs) play a crucial role for many individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) or other substance use disorders in achieving stable remission. While there is now substantial research characterizing who uses 12-step MHOs, very little is known about who becomes affiliated with newer and rapidly growing MHOs, such as Self-Management and Recovery Training (\"SMART\" Recovery). More research could inform knowledge regarding who may be best engaged by these differing pathways.
METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of participants (N = 361) with AUD recruited mostly from the community who were starting a new recovery attempt and self-selected into one of four different recovery paths: (1) SMART Recovery (\"SMART-only\"; n = 75); (2) Alcoholics Anonymous (\"AA-only\"; n = 73); (3) Both SMART and AA (\"Both\"; n = 53); and (4) Neither SMART nor AA (\"Neither\"; n = 160). We compared the groups on demographics, clinical history, treatment and recovery support service use, and indices of functioning and well-being. We computed descriptives and conducted inferential analyses according to the data structure.
RESULTS: Compared to study participants choosing AA-only or Both, SMART-only participants were more likely to be White, married, have higher income and more education, be full-time employed, and evince a pattern of lower clinical severity characterized by less lifetime and recent treatment and recovery support services usage, lower alcohol use intensity and fewer consequences, and less legal involvement. AUD symptom levels, lifetime psychiatric diagnoses, psychiatric distress, and functioning were similar across MHO-engaged groups.
CONCLUSIONS: SMART Recovery appears to attract individuals with greater psychosocial stability and economic advantage and less severe histories of alcohol-related impairment and legal involvement. Findings suggest that certain aspects specific to the SMART Recovery group approach, format, and/or contents may appeal to individuals exhibiting this type of profile. As such, SMART appears to provide an additional resource that expands the repertoire of options for individuals with AUD who seek recovery.

OBJECTIVE: Mutual-help groups (MHGs) like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) are effective for resolving alcohol use disorders (AUDs), but few studies have examined disparities in MHG participation, particularly recently. We used five waves of National Alcohol Survey data to investigate whether prevalence of AA attendance among those with a lifetime AUD differed by race/ethnicity, age, and sex, directly testing whether these associations varied with time.
METHODS: Analyses pooled weighted data from 2000 to 2020, including only participants with a lifetime AUD and identifying as non-Hispanic White, Latinx/Hispanic, or non-Hispanic Black/African American (N = 8,876). Logistic regression models examined associations between lifetime AA attendance and survey year, race/ethnicity, age, and sex; models also tested for differences in demographic effects across survey year using interaction terms.
RESULTS: In bivariate models, AA attendance was significantly less prevalent among participants identifying as Latinx/Hispanic (vs. White); ages 18-29 (vs. 30-64); and female (vs. male). Survey year was unrelated to AA attendance, and all interactions involving survey year were nonsignificant. In the final multivariate model (which controlled for severity and other help-seeking), disparities persisted for those identifying as Latinx/Hispanic (vs. White; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.63) and ages 18-29 (vs. 30-64; aOR = 0.35); AA attendance was also less prevalent among Black/African American (vs. White) participants (aOR = 0.59), but sex became nonsignificant.
CONCLUSIONS: Results replicate and extend sparse findings regarding disparities in MHG attendance and suggest a stagnation in AA\'s growth and reach to underserved populations. Findings highlight the need to more effectively facilitate MHG attendance (and perhaps broader social network change) among racial/ethnic minorities and emerging adults.