目标:本文从青铜时代Shahr-iSokhta墓地中成年女性比例过高的异常观察开始(Seistan,伊朗)并探讨了婚后居住模式。通过整合艺术(骨骼保存),人类学(性别比[SR],性二态,压力指标,死亡年龄),考古(长距离贸易指标,居住面积,妇女的社会角色),和古代DNA(X染色体中的杂合性水平)数据,我们检验了该地点婚后母系性的假设。
方法:我们计算了来自Shahr-iSokhta墓地的随机未发表的成人样本以及其他作者先前发表的两个样本中的SR(基于骨盆的性别确定)。我们使用了SR的比较数据,这些数据来自:一个大的Supra区域多时间样本,n=47,有8808名成年人,来自欧洲南部,埃及,中东,俄罗斯南部;来自BactriaMargiana和印度河流域的区域青铜时代样本(n=10),有1324名成年性别个体。我们估计了X染色体与其他常染色体相比的杂合性水平,假设在母系社会中,女性的变异性应低于男性。
结果:来自Shahr-iSokhta的样本(n=549)中的成人SR为70.5,女性的比例过高与来自BactriaMargiana(SR=72.09)和印度河流域(SR=67.54)的区域青铜时代遗址相同。相反,在一个更大的Supra区域多时间顺序站点样本中,平均SR范围在112.7(青铜时代)和163.1(中世纪)之间。口语学和人类学指标不能解释女性骨骼的过度分布。考古指标表明,妇女的社会地位很高,该社会致力于长期贸易活动。X染色体中的杂合性水平与母系社会一致。
结论:指标表明,青铜时代的Shahr-piSokhta是一个母国社会,长途贸易是一个重要的经济因素,导致墓地中成年女性骨骼的比例过高。
This paper starts from the unusual observation of the overrepresentation of females among adults in the cemetery of Bronze Age Shahr-i Sokhta (Seistan, Iran) and explores the post marital residence pattern. By integrating taphonomical (skeletal preservation), anthropological (sex ratio [SR], sexual dimorphism, stress indicators, age at death), archeological (long distance trade indicators, habitation floor area, social role of women), and ancient DNA (heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes) data we test the hypothesis of post marital matrilocality in the site.
We computed the SR (pelvis-based sex determination) in a random unpublished adult sample from the cemetery of Shahr-i Sokhta and in two samples previously published by other authors. We used comparative data on SR from: a large Supra Regional multi-chronological sample of sites, n = 47, with 8808 adult sexed individuals, from Southern Europe, Egypt, Middle East, Southern Russia; a Regional Bronze Age sample of sites (n = 10) from Bactria Margiana and Indus Valley with 1324 adult sexed individuals. We estimated the heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes compared with the rest of the autosomes on the assumption that in a matrilocal society females should show lower variability than men.
Adult SR in a sample (n = 549) from Shahr-i Sokhta is 70.5, the overrepresentation of females is shared with Regional Bronze Age sites from Bactria Margiana (SR = 72.09) and Indus Valley (SR = 67.54). On the contrary, in a larger Supra Regional multi-chronological sample of sites, mean SR ranges between 112.7 (Bronze Age) and 163.1 (Middle Ages). Taphonomical and anthropological indicators do not explain the overrepresentation of female skeletons. Archeological indicators suggest a high social status of women and that the society was devoted to long range trade activities. heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes are in agreement with a matrilocal society.
Indicators suggest that Bronze Age Shahr-ì Sokhta was a matrilocal society and that long distance trade was an important economic factor producing an overrepresentation of adult female skeletons in the cemetery.