UNASSIGNED: The location of infraorbital foramen (IOF) and the prevalence of accessory IOF vary among different populations. It may lead to infraorbital nerve (ION) blockage during surgery. This study aimed to assess the IOF location and AIOF frequency in Iranian people.
METHODS: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 500 paranasal sinus computed tomography scans of adults were examined using the INFINITT PACS system.
RESULTS: The distance from IOF to infraorbital margin (IOM), mid-pupillary line (MPL), midsagittal line (MSL), canine eminence (CE), and skin thickness (ST) was 8.97 ± 1.79, 5.73 ± 1.84, 24.86 ± 2.23, 20.39 ± 3.47, and 10.90 ± 2.59 mm, respectively. The vertical and transverse diameters of the foramen were 3.03 ± 0.65 and 3.71 ± 0.76 mm, respectively. In addition, the shape of 63.5% of the foramina was oval. The prevalence of AIOF was 9%, and its most common location was superomedial to IOF.
CONCLUSIONS: We believe that in this study, landmarks like IOM, MPL, MSL, CE and ST could help the clinicians localize IOF and improve the ION anesthesia success rate. Furthermore, the occurrence of AIOF should be considered by physicians to reduce the chance of injuries to the infraorbital neurovascular complex.

UNASSIGNED: Accessory infraorbital foramen (AIOF) can change the normal course of emerging branches of the infraorbital nerve and blood vessels exiting the infraorbital foramen (IOF). This study aimed to examine the AIOF, number of foramina, and their position in relation to IOF using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
UNASSIGNED: We performed a retrospective CBCT assessment of hospital records between January 2018 and August 2022. The CBCT of 507 patients were examined to extract information on the prevalence, number, position, linear distance from the IOF, and diameter of AIOF in relation to demographic factors. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the prevalence of AIOF. Mean and standard deviation were used to calculate the linear distance and diameter of the AIOF, respectively. The AIOFs, its distribution, and number were compared between sexes and sides using the chi-square test. The independent t-test and Mann-Mann-Whitney test were used to compare the mean difference between the sexes and sides. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
UNASSIGNED: In this current study, the prevalence of AIOF was 7.1% (36 of the 507 patients). Additionally, the current study examined the number of foramina using a single foramen on each side and double foramina located bilaterally at a distance from the AIOF to the IOF. The mean AIOF diameter was also studied, and the AIOF position with respect to the IOF on CBCT was superomedial or inferomedial. There were no statistically significant associations between any of the parameters assessed in this study when comparing sex and sides.
UNASSIGNED: A greater number of patients with AIOF presented with a single foramen and unilateral occurrence, without a statistically significant difference. The AIOF was most commonly located superomedial to the IOF.

It was aimed to evaluate the frequency of accessory mental foramen (AMF) and accessory infraorbital foramen (AIOF) and analyse the correlation between these two foramina using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The retrospective study reviewed the CBCT images of 1020 patients. The rates of AMF and AIOF were evaluated according to sex and age distributions. Correlations between the localizations of AMF and AIOF in the right and left jaws and the correlations between the occurrences of these foramina were evaluated. In the CBCT images of the 1020 patients, AMFs were detected in 48 patients, among which 14 were in the right half jaw, and 34 were in the left half jaw. AIOFs were detected in 143 patients, among which 65 were in the right half jaw, and 78 were in the left half jaw. Recognising and detecting AMF and AIOF with CBCT is important in terms of preventing complications that may occur in surgical procedures.

Previous studies of variations of the infraorbital foramen (IOF) demonstrated conflicting results regarding to the side and gender in which specific variations occur. Significant differences in some measurement points between genders have been found, whereas, other studies did not report such differences. The presence of an accessory IOF (AIOF) can result in incomplete anesthesia or treatment failure. Previous studies have demonstrated variable results regarding the prevalence of an AIOF ranging from 16.9% to 47.6%.
The purpose of this study was to perform a morphological and morphometric study of the IOF and AIOF based on images of 3-dimensional (3D) facial bone computed tomography (CT) scans.
Retrospective study.
Identification and analysis of patients who have undergone facial bone 3D CT were performed using Clinical Data Warehouse v 2.5 (CDW, Planit Healthcare, Seoul, Korea). The search term that we used with the CDW for analysis was \"facial bone 3D CT.\"First, the region below the infraorbital rim was examined to determine the presence of the IOF and AIOF. Second, the shape of the IOF was determined and categorized as circular or oval. Third, the vertical (VD) and horizontal (HD) diameters of the IOF were determined. Lastly, the distances between important anatomic landmarks and the IOF were measured.
A single IOF with a circular shape was most common. The HD and VD of the IOF were significantly larger in men than in women. The distance between the IOF and the infraorbital margin was similar between men and women. The distances measured from the lateral nasal aperture (LNA) to the IOF and the anterior nasal spine (ANS) to the IOF, at both sides, were significantly shorter in women than in men. The prevalence of the AIOF on the right and left side was 7.3% and 8.9%, respectively. The most commonly observed position of the AIOF was on the inferior medial side of the IOF.
This study had an imbalance in the number of male and female patients.
The size of the IOF was larger in men than in women. The distance of the IOF from the infraorbital margin was similar for men and women, whereas, the distances between the IOF and the ANS and the IOF and LNA were shorter in women than in men.