Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] is a widely grown pulse with high seed protein content that contributes to food and nutritional security in the Indian subcontinent. The majority of pigeonpea varieties cultivated in India are of medium duration (<180 days to maturity), which makes it essential for breeders to focus on the development of stable high-yielding varieties. The diverse agroecological regime in the Indian subcontinent necessitates an efficient multi-environment study by taking into consideration genotype (G) × environment (E) interaction (GEI) that has a significant impact on traits like grain yield (GY) in developing high-yielding and widely adaptable varieties. In the present study, 37 pigeonpea genotypes were evaluated during the 2021 rainy season at ARS Badnapur, ARS Tandur, BAU Ranchi, GKVK Bengaluru, and ICRISAT Patancheru. The GEI was significant on the grain yield (p < 0.01), and hence, genotype + genotype × environment (GGE) and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) biplots along with AMMI stability value (ASV) and yield relative to environmental maximum (YREM) statistics were used to identify stable high-yielding genotypes. The interaction principal component analysis 1 and 2 (IPC1 and IPC2) explained 40.6% and 23.3% variations, respectively. Based on the rankings of genotypes, G37 (ICPL 20205), G35 (ICPL 20203), G8 (ICPL 19404), G17 (ICPL 19415), and G9 (ICPL 19405) were identified as ideal genotypes. Discriminativeness vs. representativeness identified GKVK Bengaluru as an ideal environment for comprehensive evaluation of test genotypes. However, ICPL 19405 was identified as the potentially stable high-yielding genotype for further testing and release across the test environments based on its mean grain yield (1,469.30 kg/ha), least ASV (3.82), and low yield stability index (YSI) of 13.

Bread wheat is a vital staple crop worldwide; including in Ethiopia, but its production is prone to various environmental constraints and yield reduction associated with adaptation. To identify adaptable genotypes, a total of 12 bread wheat genotypes (G1 to G12) were evaluated for their genotype-environment interaction (GEI) and stability across three different environments for two years using Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and genotype main effect plus genotype-by-environment interaction (GGE) biplots analysis. GEI is a common phenomenon in crop improvement and is of significant importance in genotype assessment and recommendation. According to combined analysis of variance, grain yield was considerably impacted by environments, genotypes, and GEI. AMMI and GGE biplots analysis also provided insights into the performance and stability of the genotypes across diverse environmental conditions. Among the 12 genotypes, G6 was selected by AMMI biplot analysis as adaptive and high-yielding genotype; G5 and G7 demonstrated high stability and minimal interaction with the environment, as evidenced by their IPCA1 values. G7 was identified as the most stable and high-yielding genotype. The GGE biplot\'s polygon view revealed that the highest grain yield was obtained from G6 in environment three (E3). E3 was selected as the ideal environment by the GGE biplot. The top three stable genotypes identified by AMMI stability value (ASV) were G5, G7, and G10, while the most stable genotype determined by Genotype Selection Index (GSI) was G7. Even though G6 was a high yielder, it was found to be unstable according to ASV and ranked third in stability according to GSI. Based on the study\'s findings, the GGE biplot genotype view for grain yield identified Tay genotype (G6) to be the most ideal genotype due to its high grain yield and stability in diverse environments. G7 showed similar characteristics and was also stable. These findings provide valuable insights to breeders and researchers for selecting high-yielding and stable, as well as high-yielding specifically adapted genotypes.

Ammi majus L. (Apiaceae) is a medicinal plant with a well-documented history in phytotherapy. The aim of the present work was to isolate isopimpinellin (5,8-methoxypsoralen; IsoP) from the fruit of this plant and evaluate its biological activity against selected tumor cell lines. The methanol extract obtained with the use of an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method was the most suitable for the quantitative analysis of coumarins in the A. majus fruit matrix. The coumarin content was estimated by RP-HPLC/DAD, and the amount of IsoP was found to be 404.14 mg/100 g dry wt., constituting 24.56% of the total coumarin fraction (1.65 g/100 g). This, along with the presence of xanthotoxin (368.04 mg/100 g, 22.36%) and bergapten (253.05 mg/100 g, 15.38%), confirmed A. majus fruits as an excellent source of these compounds. IsoP was isolated (99.8% purity) by combined liquid chromatography/centrifugal partition chromatography (LC/CPC) and tested for the first time on its antiproliferative activity against human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT29, SW620), osteosarcoma (Saos-2, HOS), and multiple myeloma (RPMI8226, U266) cell lines. MTT assay results (96 h incubation) demonstrated a dose- and cell line-dependent decrease in cell proliferation/viability, with the strongest effect of IsoP against the Saos-2 cell line (IC50; 42.59 µM), medium effect against U266, HT-29, and RPMI8226 (IC50 = 84.14, 95.53, and 105.0 µM, respectively), and very weak activity against invasive HOS (IC50; 321.6 µM) and SW620 (IC50; 711.30 µM) cells, as well as normal human skin fibroblasts (HSFs), with IC50; 410.7 µM. The mechanistic study on the Saos-2 cell line showed that IsoP was able to reduce DNA synthesis and trigger apoptosis via caspase-3 activation. In general, IsoP was found to have more potency towards cancerous cells (except for HOS and SW620) than against healthy cells. The Selective Index (SI) was determined, underlining the higher selectivity of IsoP towards cancer cells compared to healthy cells (SI = 9.62 against Saos-2). All these results suggest that IsoP might be a promising molecule in the chemo-prevention and treatment of primary osteosarcoma.

Climate change has brought an alarming situation in the scarcity of fresh water for irrigation due to the present global water crisis, climate variability, drought, increasing demands of water from the industrial sectors, and contamination of water resources. Accurately evaluating the potential of future rice genotypes in large-scale, multi-environment experiments may be challenging. A key component of the accurate assessment is the examination of stability in growth contexts and genotype-environment interaction. Using a split-plot design with three replications, the study was carried out in nine locations with five genotypes under continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wet and dry (AWD) conditions. Utilizing the web-based warehouse inventory search tool (WIST), the water status was determined. To evaluate yield performance for stability and adaptability, AMMI and GGE biplots were used. The genotypes clearly reacted inversely to the various environments, and substantial interactions were identified. Out of all the environments, G3 (BRRI dhan29) had the greatest grain production, whereas G2 (Binadhan-8) had the lowest. The range between the greatest and lowest mean values of rice grain output (4.95 to 4.62 t ha-1) was consistent across five distinct rice genotypes. The genotype means varied from 5.03 to 4.73 t ha-1 depending on the environment. In AWD, all genotypes out performed in the CF system. With just a little interaction effect, the score was almost zero for several genotypes (E1, E2, E6, and E7 for the AWD technique, and E5, E6, E8, and E9 for the CF method) because they performed better in particular settings. The GGE biplot provided more evidence in support of the AMMI study results. The study\'s findings made it clear that the AMMI model provides a substantial amount of information when evaluating varietal performance across many environments. Out of the five accessions that were analyzed, one was found to be top-ranking by the multi-trait genotype ideotype distance index, meaning that it may be investigated for validation stability measures. The study\'s findings provide helpful information on the variety selection for the settings in which BRRI dhan47 and BRRI dhan29, respectively, performed effectively in AWD and CF systems. Plant breeders might use this knowledge to choose newer kinds and to design breeding initiatives. In conclusion, intermittent irrigation could be an effective adaptation technique for simultaneously saving water and mitigating GHG while maintaining high rice grain yields in rice cultivation systems.

The multi-environmental trials aid breeders in selecting the best genotypes for specific or general adaptability to different environments before commercial release. This study aimed to assess the stability of 13 new soybean pure lines, along with two controls, in terms of seed yield and important agronomic traits. The assessment was based on a completely randomized block design with three replications across four areas during 2020-2022. Various adaptability methods, including parametric, AMMI, GGE biplot, PCA, and SIIG were employed. The mixed analysis showed that the effects of environment, genotype, and genotype-environment (GE) interaction were significant for most studied traits. The AMMI showed the highest portion of environment (65.89%) in soybean seed yield. Based on all stability parameters, lines 2 and 5 were selected for their average seed yields of 3349 and 3142 kg ha-1, respectively. Additionally, lines 6 and 5 showed the most stability, yielding higher than the average, which were 2992 and 3142 kg ha-1, respectively, according to GGE biplot results. Furthermore, lines 2, 5, and 8 were identified as the ideal genotypes concerning seed yield and other agronomic traits, with high SIIG parameters and yields exceeding the average. Finally, the soybean line 5 was deemed the most suitable due to its higher yield, stability, and early maturity (128-day growth period). Therefore, line 5 is considered appropriate for its high stability and earliness in various regions of Iran.

Sunflower is the most important oil crop ranked as fourth edible oil in the world. The study was conducted in Northern Ethiopia during 2017-2019 cropping seasons using randomized completely block design with three replications. The objective was to decipher the genotype by environment interaction (GEI) in multi-environment trials (MET) and identify adaptable sunflower genotypes. Combined ANOVA, AMMI ANOVA and Eberhart and Rusell regression were analyzed, and GGE bi-plots, AMMI1 and AMMI2 bi-plots, Principal component Analysis (PCA), multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI), correlation network plot for sunflower traits were sketched. AMMI stability measures, Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) based indexes; parametric and non-parametric statistics were computed using R-statistical software. In the AMMI ANOVA the main effects of the environment (E) (54.18 % SS), genotype (G) (16.9 % SS) and GEI (23.50 % SS) were significant (p < 0.001). The genotypic Likely-hood Ratio Test revealed significant for all traits. The AMMI bi-plot and the GGE bi-plots selected G10 and G2 as the most adaptable genotypes. CV, HMGV, RPGV, HMRPGV, Pi, GAI, KRS, S(3) and S(6) also identified G10 as the most stable genotype. Based on the MGIDI, G10 (MGIDI = 1.45) and G5 (MGIDI = 2.19) are selected and these genotypes are recommended for further cultivation in Tigray.

In a study conducted in India, 50 Fusarium isolates were collected from pigeonpea growing regions and extensively examined for their cultural and morphological characteristics. These isolates exhibited significant variations in traits including growth rate, mycelial growth patterns, color, zonation, pigmentation, spore size, and septation. Subsequently, 30 isolates were chosen for pathogenicity testing on eight pigeonpea genotypes. Results showed distinct reactions, with four genotypes displaying differential responses (ICP8858, ICP8859, ICP8862, and BDN-2), while ICP9174 and ICP8863 consistently exhibited resistance and ICP2376 and BAHAR remained susceptible to wilt disease. To study the interaction between Fusarium isolates and pigeonpea host differentials (HDs), an additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis was conducted. The majority of disease incidence variation (75.54%) was attributed to HD effects, while Fusarium isolate effects accounted for only 1.99%. The interaction between Isolates and HDs (I × HD) contributed 21.95% to the total variation, being smaller than HD but larger than I. Based on HD reactions, isolates were classified into nine variants, showing varying distributions across pigeonpea growing states, with variants 2 and 3 being prevalent in several regions. This diversity underscores the need for location-specific wilt-resistant pigeonpea cultivars. Furthermore, genetic analysis of 23 representative isolates, through internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA and translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequencing, revealed three major clusters: Fusarium udum, Fusarium solani, and Fusarium equiseti. These findings hold potential for developing location-specific wilt-resistant pigeonpea cultivars and enhancing disease management strategies.

BACKGROUND: Growing antibiotic resistance has made treating otitis externa (OE) increasingly challenging. On the other hand, local antimicrobial treatments, especially those that combine essential oils (EOs) with nanoparticles, tend to be preferred over systemic ones. It was investigated whether Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) EO, combined with chitosan nanoparticles modified by cholesterol, could inhibit the growth of bacterial pathogens isolated from OE cases in dogs. In total, 57 dogs with clinical signs of OE were examined and bacteriologically tested. Hydrogels of Chitosan were synthesized by self-assembly and investigated. EO was extracted (Clevenger machine), and its ingredients were checked (GC-MS analysis) and encapsulated in chitosan-cholesterol nanoparticles. Disc-diffusion and broth Micro-dilution (MIC and MBC) examined its antimicrobial and therapeutic properties.
RESULTS: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (49.3%) was the most common bacteria isolated from OE cases, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.7%), Escherichia coli (13.3%), Streptococcus canis (9.3%), Corynebacterium auriscanis (6.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2.7%), Proteus mirabilis (2.7%), and Bacillus cereus (1.3%). The investigation into the antimicrobial properties of Ajwain EO encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles revealed that it exhibited a more pronounced antimicrobial effect against the pathogens responsible for OE.
CONCLUSIONS: Using chitosan nanoparticles encapsulated with EO presents an effective treatment approach for dogs with OE that conventional antimicrobial treatments have not cured. This approach not only enhances antibacterial effects but also reduces the required dosage of antimicrobials, potentially preventing the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.

BACKGROUND: The forthcoming problems will be of food, and soil due to environmental alteration, growing populations, pollution, and exhaustion of natural resources among other factors. Hydroponic farming has the capacity to alleviate the intimidation of these con-cerned issues in the agricultural system. Hydroponics is recommended as an alternative way to enhance product yield compared to conventional agriculture.
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine the different growth parameters and constituents of soil-grown and hydroponically grown Trachyspermum ammi and Foeniculum vulgare for the first time, which could be a patentable in future.
METHODS: In this study, extraction was carried out by maceration method using methanol as a solvent whereas, growth parameters were performed by the leaves number, plant height, and leaf area. Chlorophyll content was also performed in both sources. Further, a comparison of chemical constituents from different sources was analyzed by GC-MS.
RESULTS: The bioactive components in hydroponically grown T. ammi were found more as compared to soil-grown T. ammi. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various compounds in the methanolic extract of plant materials.
CONCLUSIONS: Hence, hydroponics could be an alternative in agriculture and this system is now accepted globally. This method provides diverse perspectives for farmers to harvest high-yield, better quality, and enhanced bioactive compounds.

The presence of strong G x E (genotype by environment interaction) is a major hurdle for selecting superior genotypes when genotypes are placed into new and unfamiliar production systems. Genotype or cultivar (s) with high yield potential and having less adaptability and stability to particular environment is never a suitable choice for a breeder and farmer particularly. Purposefully, four successive seasons were chosen to enumerate the phenotypic stability of 27 French bean genotypes for yield and quality traits by involving modern statistical tools like AMMI (Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction), GGE [G + (G x E)] and cluster analysis. AMMI analysis of variance witnessed magnitude of G, E and G x E was 81.94%, 11.58% and 6.48% of the total variation respectively. The IPCA I (Interaction Principal Component Axes) was contributed with 55.44%, 73.60%, 71.81%, 81.69% and 72.16% G x E variations of days to 50% flowering, pod length, number of pods per plant, average pod weight and pod yield respectively. For qualitative traits i.e., protein content (mg/100g FW), total soluble solids (%) and total phenol content (mg GAE/g FW) the involvement of IPCA I to total genotype by environment interaction variations were 89.55%, 96.07% and 66.52% respectively. The AMMI biplot revealed French bean genotypes viz., IC632961, Arka Sukomal, IIHR-PV-29, IIHR-PV-30 having low AMMI stability value and higher mean value for relevant yield and quality traits in both late kharif and rabi as two mega-environments. Multivariate analysis demonstrated significant higher contribution of pod yield associated traits towards total variations and positive correlation between them. The 27 French bean genotypes formed five groups as per Euclidean distance and the clustering revealed the nature of diversity of French bean genotypes viz., IC 632961, IIHR-B-PV-24, Arka Sukomal, Arka Arjun, Ayoka and Phalguni in response to changing environments and can be utilized in future breeding programme. The study revealed pole type French bean genotypes viz., IC 632961, Arka Sukomal and bush type French bean genotypes viz., IIHR-B-PV-29, IIHR-B-PV-30 could be promising for utilization in future breeding programmes for the concerned traits.