UNASSIGNED: Successive lockdowns have a significant impact on the mental health of university students.PhD students have experienced the most significant deterioration in their mental health.The rate of suicidal ideation has increased significantly across the university student population.

Background: Guilt and shame regulate basic human processes such as social cognition and relations. Both emotions are also involved in the aetiology and maintenance of trauma-related mental disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, a concise scale that adequately captures these constructs is currently lacking, impeding research efforts to understand them more thoroughly.Objective: To this end, we developed the eight-item Guilt and Shame Questionnaire (GSQ-8) in English, German, and Dutch.Method: We examined the reliability and validity of the GSQ-8 in a clinical sample of adults seeking treatment for childhood-trauma-related posttraumatic stress disorder (n = 209), a sample of adults who had suffered at least one traumatic life event reporting different levels of PTSD symptoms (n = 556), and a non-clinical sample of adults (n = 156).Results: Theory-driven confirmatory factor analyses confirmed two correlated latent factors guilt and shame with four items for each factor. Across all samples, two-factor models yielded better model fit than one-factor solutions. Measurement invariance across the three samples, gender, and Dutch and German language was mostly established. Guilt and shame composite scores were associated with PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, mental health-related quality of life, and self-blame, thus supporting scale validity. Importantly, both subscales predicted PTSD symptoms, depression, life satisfaction, and mental health-related quality of life over and above cognitions of self-blame.Conclusions: The GSQ-8 is a parsimonious, reliable, and valid tool to assess guilt and shame in clinical, sub-clinical, and non-clinical populations, allowing applications across a broad range of research questions.
We present the 8-item Guilt and Shame Questionnaire (GSQ-8), a parsimonious tool to assess guilt and shame.We found strong psychometric properties of the GSQ-8 across three samples and different languages.The GSQ-8 can be reliably used to assess shame and guilt in clinical and non-clinical work.

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with dissociative symptoms is now a full-fledged subtype of this disorder. The dissociative subtype is associated with a greater number of psychiatric comorbidities. To date, the impact of dissociation on the efficacy of PTSD treatment remains unclear.Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of a traumatic memory reactivation procedure with the administration of propranolol or a placebo once a week for six consecutive weeks in reducing PTSD and MDE symptoms between PTSD subjects with or without high dissociative symptoms.Method: For that, we conducted a randomized clinical trial in 66 adults diagnosed with longstanding PTSD and measured the SCID PTSD module, the PTSD Checklist (PCL-S), Beck\'s Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES).Results: Patients with and without high dissociative experience had significant improvement in their PCL-S scores over the 6 treatment sessions, and PCL-S scores continued to decline in all patients during the post-treatment period. However, there was no correlation between the presence/absence of high dissociative experiences and no specific effect of propranolol treatment. We found exactly the same results for MDE symptoms. Interestingly, patients with high dissociative experiences before treatment exhibited very significant improvement in their DES scores after the 6 treatment sessions, and patients maintained this improvement 3 months post-treatment.Conclusions: The traumatic memory reactivation procedure is an effective way to treat dissociative symptoms in patients with PTSD, and improvement of these dissociative symptoms was associated with a decrease in both PTSD and depression severity.
Traumatic memory reactivation procedure is an effective way to treat dissociative symptoms in patients with PTSD.The improvement of these dissociative symptoms was associated to a decrease of both PTSD and depression severity.Dissociative symptoms do not seem to mitigate the efficacy of traumatic memory reactivation during the treatment of PTSD.

Background: Government actions and participating in protracted-duration protests against it affect protesters\' mental health, leading to high distress levels, such as posttraumatic and depressive symptoms. Aside from exposure to violence and other issues, protest participation can pose unique challenges to the protesters as they may be exposed to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs), such as the betrayal of leaders they once trusted. This study\'s primary objective was to examine the extent of psychological difficulties among civilians participating in long-duration protests in Israel. More specifically, the study aimed to understand the contribution of exposure to protest-related PMIEs to psychological difficulties such as posttraumatic and depressive symptoms.Method: Participants comprised 4036 Israelis who were actively involved in the unfolding civil protest movement against the government-led judicial overhaul between January 2023 and August 2023. The protesters completed validated self-report questionnaires that included measures of PMIE exposure, PTSD and depressive symptoms.Results: About half (44.3%) of the sample met the criteria for self-report diagnosis of major depression and 10.6% for PTSD. Most of the protesters indicated their exposure to at least one moral injury event, with 63.9% reporting exposure to PMIE-Betrayal. Protesters exposed to PMIEs reported significantly higher levels of both PTSD and depression than non-PMIE-exposed protesters. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that, beyond demographics and protest-related characteristics such as exposure to violence, PMIE dimensions significantly contributed to both PTSD and depression levels.Conclusions: The findings highlight the mental burden of protesters during the civil protests against the judicial overhaul in Israel. More central to the present research, the findings highlight the critical contribution of PMIEs exposure to this burden. Clinicians treating protesters coping with depression and PTSD following the civil actions should attend to their exposure to PMIEs, which may relate to the deleterious psychological effects among protesters.
Participation in protests have high mental burden as about half of the sample met the criteria for self-report diagnosis of major depression and 10.6% for PTSD.Protesters exposed to protest-related PMIEs reported significantly higher levels of both PTSS and depression than non-PMIE-exposed protesters.The findings highlight the critical contribution of PMIE-betrayal exposure to both PTSS and depressive symptoms, above and beyond demographic and protest-related characteristics.

Background: Refugees with exposure to multiple traumatic events are at high risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Narrative exposure therapy (NET) is an effective treatment for the core symptoms of PTSD, but it does not reliably reduce depressive symptoms. Endurance exercise on the other hand was consistently found to be effective in treating depression making it a promising adjunct to NET. Up to date, no studies exist investigating the combination of NET and endurance exercise in a sample of refugees with PTSD and comorbid depression.Objectives: In the proposed randomized controlled trial, we aim to investigate whether a combination of NET and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training (MAET) enhances treatment outcome for refugees with PTSD and comorbid depressive symptoms. We expect a greater improvement in psychopathology in participants who receive the combined treatment.Methods and analysis: 68 refugees and asylum seekers with PTSD and clinically relevant depressive symptoms will be recruited in the proposed study. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either NET only (NET-group) or NET plus MAET (NET+-group). All participants will receive 10 NET sessions. Participants in the NET+-group will additionally take part in MAET. Primary (PTSD, depression) and secondary (general mental distress, agoraphobia and somatoform complaints, sleep quality) outcome measures will be assessed before treatment, after treatment, and at six-month follow-up. The hypotheses will be tested with multiple 2 × 3 mixed ANOVA\'s.Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register identifier: DRKS00022145.
Refugees are at particularly high risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depressive symptoms due to exposure to multiple man-made traumatic events.Narrative exposure therapy reliably reduces symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, but many patients retain their clinical diagnosis, untreated comorbid depressive symptoms may interfere with treatment response.The randomized controlled trial aims to investigate whether combining narrative exposure therapy with moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training enhances treatment outcomes for refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depressive symptoms, compared to narrative exposure therapy as a stand-alone treatment.

Background: Survivors of sexual violence are at higher risk of adverse mental health outcomes compared to those exposed to other interpersonal traumas.Objective: To examine the trajectory of both post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression as well as the role of early counselling over 24 months among rape survivors.Method: The South African Rape Impact Cohort Evaluation (RICE) study enrolled women aged 16-40 years attending post-rape care services within 20 days of a rape incident (n = 734), and a comparison group (n = 786) was recruited from primary health care. Women were followed for 24 months; the main study outcomes were depression and PTSD. Reports of early supportive counselling by the exposed group were also included. The analysis included an adjusted joint mixed model with linear splines to account for correlated observations between the outcomes.Results: At 24 months, 45.2% of the rape-exposed women met the cut-off for depression and 32.7% for PTSD. This was significantly higher than levels found among the unexposed. Although a decline in depression and PTSD was seen at 3 months among the women who reported a rape, mean scores remained stable thereafter. At 24 months mean depression scores remained above the depression cut-off (17.1) while mean PTSD scores declined below the PTSD cut-off (14.5). Early counselling was not associated with the trajectory of either depression or PTSD scores over the two years in rape-exposed women with both depression and PTSD persisting regardless of early counselling.Conclusion: The study findings highlight the importance to find and provide effective mental health interventions post-rape in South Africa.

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Epidemiological studies have revealed these illnesses to be highly comorbid, particularly among women. In the current study, we explored associations between indices of cardiovascular health, PTSD, and depression among a sample of trauma-exposed individuals assigned female at birth.Methods: Participants were N = 49 individuals without CVD who reported lifetime Criterion A trauma exposure. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) were collected during a 5-minute resting period. Symptoms of CVD (e.g. extremity pain and swelling, shortness of breath), PTSD, and depression were assessed, along with an exploratory measure of anhedonia.Results: Trauma exposure was positively correlated with systolic BP (r = .32, p = .029) and diastolic BP (r = .30, p = .040). The number of reported CVD symptoms was positively correlated with symptoms of PTSD (r = .41, p = .004), depression (r = .40, p = .005) and anhedonia (r = .38, p = .007). CVD symptoms were also significantly associated with PTSD (β = .41, t = 2.43, p = .023), depression (β = .40, t = 2.76, p = .009), and anhedonia (β = .38, t = 2.51, p = .017) after controlling for age and trauma exposure. These associations were not moderated by HF-HRV in our sample.Conclusions: Our results support the association between PTSD and depressive symptoms and worse cardiovascular functioning among an often-overlooked population that is particularly vulnerable to these illnesses. Future studies should investigate residual impacts of PTSD and depression treatment on CVD risk among trauma-exposed individuals, particularly women.
Trauma exposure and PTSD are associated with depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.We explored cardiovascular health, PTSD, and depression among 49 trauma-exposed individuals assigned female at birth.Trauma exposure positively correlated with blood pressure.CVD symptoms were positively correlated with PTSD, depression, and anhedonia.Associations were not moderated by heart rate variability.

Background: Since the COVID-19 outbreak, the severity of college student\'s mental health has increased, with depression being the most prominent. This study\'s primary purpose was to explore (1) whether the perceived stress of COVID-19 was associated with depression through sequential mediation of mindfulness and dysexecutive function and also (2) the temporal association among mindfulness, dysexecutive function and depression.Methods: We performed two studies to evaluate dysexecutive function as a mechanism through which mindfulness impacts depression under the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic. Study 1 used a sequential mediation model to test the mediating role of mindfulness and dysexecutive function between the perceived stress of COVID-19 and depression based on 1,665 emerging adults. Study 2 used a random-effect, cross-lagged panel model (RE-CLPM) to test the directionality among mindfulness, dysexecutive function, and depression based on 370 emerging adults.Results: The cross-sectional study showed that perceived stress of COVID-19 was positively associated with depression through the sequential mediation of mindfulness and dysexecutive function (effect: 0.08, 95%CI = [0.07, 0.10]), also through the mediation of mindfulness (effect: 0.05, 95%CI = [0.03, 0.06]) and dysexecutive function (effect: 0.08, 95%CI = [0.06, 0.10]) separately. The RE-CLPM study indicated that dysexecutive function mediates the reciprocal relation between mindfulness and depression at the within-person level.Conclusion: These results suggest that dysexecutive function is an intermediate psychological mechanism that exacerbates depression under pandemic-related stress. Mindfulness can predict dysexecutive function and subsequently improve depression. As depression under pandemic-related stress can weaken the mindful state, long-term mindfulness practices are needed to maintain mental health during COVID-19.
Dysexecutive function is a potential cognitive risk factor of depression under pandemic stress using cross-sectional data.The random effect cross-lagged panel model (RE-CLPM) demonstrated temporal association among mindfulness, dysexecutive functions, and depression.Long-term mindfulness practices are needed to maintain mental health under COVID-19 stress.

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent social restrictions created an unprecedented context for families raising young children. Although studies have documented detrimental effects of the pandemic on maternal well-being, less is known about how the pandemic specifically impacted low-income mothers. We examined depression, anxiety, and sleep quality among low-income mothers of one-year-olds during the early months of the pandemic using data from the Baby\'s First Years study. Focusing on the control group (n = 547), we compared mothers interviewed before March 14th, 2020 (n = 342) to mothers interviewed between March 14th and June 30th, 2020 (n = 205) to determine whether the pandemic was associated with differences in mental health and sleep quality. Mothers were recruited from four cities in the United States, and most of the sample identified as Hispanic (42.2%) or Black, non-Hispanic (38.6%). We found that mothers interviewed during the pandemic reported better mental health and sleep quality. While we cannot speak to longer-term impacts of the pandemic, it is possible low-income mothers experienced relief from daily stressors during the initial shelter-in-place orders, which may have led to improvements in well-being. These results have implications for understanding how complex life stressors influence mental health and sleep quality among low-income mothers raising young children.
La pandemia del COVID-19 y las subsecuentes restricciones sociales crearon un contexto sin precedentes para las familias que estaban criando niños pequeños. Aunque los estudios han documentado los efectos perjudiciales de la pandemia sobre el bienestar materno, menos se conoce acerca de cómo la pandemia específicamente tuvo un impacto sobre madres de bajos recursos económicos. Examinamos la depresión, ansiedad y calidad del sueño entre madres de bajos recursos económicos de niños de un año de edad durante los primeros meses de la pandemia usando datos del estudio Primeros Años del Bebé. Enfocándonos en el grupo de control (n = 547), comparamos las madres entrevistadas antes del 14 de marzo de 2020 (n = 342) con madres entrevistadas entre el 14 de marzo y el 30 de junio de 2020 (n = 205) para determinar si la pandemia se asociaba con diferencias en salud mental y calidad del sueño. A las madres se les reclutó en cuatro ciudades de Estados Unidos y la mayor parte del grupo muestra se identificaron como Hispanas (42.2%) o Negras no Hispanas (38.6%). Encontramos que las madres entrevistadas durante la pandemia reportaron mejor salud mental y calidad del sueño. A pesar de que no podemos hablar sobre el impacto a largo plazo de la pandemia, es posible que las madres de bajos recursos económicos experimentaran alivio en los factores diarios de estrés durante el inicial mandato de quedarse en su casa, lo cual pudiera haber llevado a mejoras en el bienestar. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones para comprender cómo los complejos factores de estrés influyen en la salud mental y la calidad del sueño entre madres de bajos recursos económicos que crían a niños pequeños.
La pandémie du COVID-19 et les restrictions sociales qui en ont découlé ont créé un contexte sans précédent pour les familles élevant de jeunes enfants. Bien que des études aient documenté des effets préjudiciables de la pandémie sur le bien-être maternel, on en sait moins sur la manière dont la pandémie a spécifiquement impacté les mères de milieux défavorisés. Nous avons examiné la dépression, l\'anxiété, et la qualité du sommeil chez des mères de milieux défavorisés avec un enfant d\'un an durant les premiers mois de la pandémie, en utilisant des données de l’étude Baby\'s First Years. Nous concentrant sur le groupe de contrôle (n = 547), nous avons comparé des mères interviewées avant le 14 mars 2020 (n = 342) à des mères interviewées entre le 14 mars et le 30 juin 2020 (n = 205) afin de déterminer si la pandémie était liée à des différences en santé mentale et en qualité de sommeil. Les mères ont été recrutées dans quatre villes des Etats-Unis et la plupart de l’échantillon s\'identifiait comme Hispanique (42,2%) ou Noires, non hispaniques (38,6%). Nous avons trouvé que les mères interviewées Durant la pandémie faisaient état d\'une meilleure santé mentale et d\'une meilleure qualité de sommeil. Bien que nous ne puissions pas parler des impacts de la pandémie à long terme, il est possible que les mères de milieux défavorisés aient fait l\'expérience d\'un soulagement des facteurs de stress quotidiens durant la période initiale de confinement, ce qui pourrait avoir mené à des améliorations dans le bien-être. Ces résultats ont des implications pour la compréhension de la manière dont des facteurs de stress complexes influencent la santé mentale et la qualité du sommeil chez les mères de milieux défavorisés élevant de jeunes enfants.
Die COVID-19-Pandemie und die darauffolgenden sozialen Einschränkungen schufen ein noch nie dagewesenes Umfeld für Familien, die kleine Kinder aufziehen. Obwohl Studien negative Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf das Wohlbefinden von Müttern dokumentiert haben, ist weniger darüber bekannt, wie sich die Pandemie speziell auf Mütter mit niedrigem Einkommen auswirkte. Wir untersuchten Depression, Angst und Schlafqualität bei einkommensschwachen Müttern von Einjährigen in den ersten Monaten der Pandemie anhand von Daten aus der Baby\'s First Years-Studie. Wir konzentrierten uns auf die Kontrollgruppe (n = 547) und verglichen Mütter, die vor dem 14. März 2020 befragt wurden (n = 342), mit Müttern, die zwischen dem 14. März und dem 30. Juni 2020 befragt wurden (n = 205), um festzustellen, ob die Pandemie mit Unterschieden in der psychischen Gesundheit und der Schlafqualität assoziiert war. Die Mütter wurden aus vier Städten in den Vereinigten Staaten rekrutiert und ein Großteil der Stichprobe identifizierte sich als hispanisch (42,2 %) oder schwarz, nicht-hispanisch (38,6 %). Wir fanden heraus, dass Mütter, die während der Pandemie befragt wurden, von einer besseren psychischen Gesundheit und Schlafqualität berichteten. Zwar können wir keine Aussagen zu den längerfristigen Auswirkungen der Pandemie treffen, allerdings ist es möglich, dass Mütter mit niedrigem Einkommen während der Phase der ersten Schutzanordnungen eine Entlastung von den täglichen Stressfaktoren erfuhren, was zu einer Verbesserung des Wohlbefindens geführt haben könnte. Diese Ergebnisse sind wichtig, um zu verstehen, wie komplexe Lebensstressoren die psychische Gesundheit und die Schlafqualität von Müttern mit geringem Einkommen und kleinen Kindern beeinflussen.
COVID-19のパンデミックとその後の社会的制約は、幼な子を育てる家族にとって前例のない状況を作り出した。パンデミックが母親の幸福に有害な影響を及ぼすことは研究によって報告されているが、パンデミックが特に低所得の母親にどのような影響を与えたかについては、あまり知られていない。私達はBaby\'s First Years研究のデータを用いて、パンデミックの初期に1歳児を抱える低所得層の母親の抑うつや不安、睡眠の質を調査した。対照群 (n = 547) に焦点を当て、2020年3月14日以前に面接を受けた母親 (n = 342) と、2020年3月14日から6月30日までに面接を受けた母親 (n = 205) を比較し、パンデミックがメンタルヘルスと睡眠の質の違いに関連しているかどうかを検討した。母親は米国の4都市において募集し、サンプルのほとんどがヒスパニック (42.2％) または非ヒスパニック系の黒人 (38.6％) であった。パンデミック時にインタビューを受けた母親は、精神的な健康と睡眠の質が向上していると答えたことが分かった。パンデミックの長期的な影響については言及できないが、低所得の母親が最初の屋内退避命令中に日常的なストレスから解放され、それが幸福度の向上につながった可能性がある。これらの結果は、幼い子どもを育てている低所得の母親において、複雑な生活上のストレス要因がメンタルヘルスや睡眠の質にどのように影響するかを理解する上で示唆的である。.
COVID-19大流行及其后续的社会限制为养育幼儿的家庭创造了前所未有的环境。虽然研究已经记录了疫情对母亲健康的不利影响, 但人们对疫情如何具体影响低收入母亲知之甚少。我们使用“婴儿的第一年”研究的数据, 考察了疫情早期阶段低收入一岁幼儿母亲的抑郁、焦虑和睡眠质量。我们将焦点放在对照组 (n = 547)上, 比较了2020年3月14日之前接受采访的母亲 (n = 342)和在2020年3月14日至6月30日之间接受采访的母亲 (n = 205), 以确定疫情是否与心理健康和睡眠质量的差异有关。母亲是从美国的四个城市招募的, 大部分样本被确定为西班牙裔 (42.2%) 或非西班牙裔黑人 (38.6%)。我们发现, 在疫情期间接受采访的母亲表示心理健康和睡眠质量更好。虽然我们无法谈论疫情的长期影响, 但是在最初的避难令期间, 低收入母亲可能经历了日常压力的缓解, 这可能导致了健康状况的改善。这些结果对于理解复杂的生活压力如何影响养育幼儿的低收入母亲的心理健康和睡眠质量具有重要意义。.
خلقت جائحة كوفيد-19 والقيود الاجتماعية المترتبة عليها بيئة غير مسبوقة للأسر التي تربي أطفالاً صغاراً. على الرغم من أن الدراسات قد وثقت الآثار الضارة للوباء على رفاهية الأم ، إلا أنه لا يُعرف الكثير عن كيفية تأثير الوباء على الأمهات ذوات الدخل المنخفض على وجه التحديد. قمنا بفحص الاكتئاب والقلق وجودة النوم بين الأمهات ذوات الدخل المنخفض لأطفال بعمر عام واحد خلال الأشهر الأولى من الوباء باستخدام بيانات من دراسة السنوات الأولى للطفل. بالتركيز على المجموعة الضابطة (العدد = 547) ، قمنا بمقارنة الأمهات اللواتي تمت مقابلتهن قبل 14 مارس 2020 (العدد = 342) بالأمهات اللائي تمت مقابلتهن بين 14 مارس و 30 يونيو 2020 (العدد = 205) لتحديد ما إذا كان الوباء مرتبطاً بالاختلافات في الصحة النفسية ونوعية النوم. اشتركت الأمهات من أربع مدن في الولايات المتحدة ، وتم تحديد معظم العينة على أنها لاتينية (42.2٪) أو سوداء ، وغير لاتينية (38.6٪). وجدنا أن الأمهات اللواتي تمت مقابلتهن أثناء الوباء أبلغن عن صحة نفسية وجودة نوم أفضل. في حين أننا لا نستطيع التحدث عن الآثار طويلة المدى للوباء ، فمن الوارد أن الأمهات ذوات الدخل المنخفض قد حصلن على بعض الراحة من الضغوط اليومية نتيجة الإغلاق ، مما أدى إلى تحسين مستوى الرفاهية. هذه النتائج لها تطبيقات لفهم مدى تأثير ضغوطات الحياة المعقدة على الصحة النفسية وجودة النوم بين الأمهات ذوات الدخل المنخفض اللائي يقمن بتربية أطفال صغار.

Background: Investigating different approaches to operationalizing childhood adversity and how they relate to transdiagnostic psychopathology is relevant to advance research on mechanistic processes and to inform intervention efforts. To our knowledge, previous studies have not used questionnaire and interview measures of childhood adversity to examine factor-analytic and cumulative-risk approaches in a complementary manner.Objective: The first aim of this study was to identify the dimensions underlying multiple subscales from three well-established childhood adversity measures (the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Interview, and the Interview for Traumatic Events in Childhood) and to create a cumulative risk index based on the resulting dimensions. The second aim of the study was to examine the childhood adversity dimensions and the cumulative risk index as predictors of measures of depression, anxiety, and psychosis-spectrum psychopathology.Method: Participants were 214 nonclinically ascertained young adults who were administered questionnaire and interview measures of depression, anxiety, psychosis-spectrum phenomena, and childhood adversity.Results: Four childhood adversity dimensions were identified that captured experiences in the domains of Intrafamilial Adversity, Deprivation, Threat, and Sexual Abuse. As hypothesized, the adversity dimensions demonstrated some specificity in their associations with psychopathology symptoms. Deprivation was uniquely associated with the negative symptom dimension of psychosis (negative schizotypy and schizoid symptoms), Intrafamilial Adversity with schizotypal symptoms, and Threat with depression, anxiety, and psychosis-spectrum symptoms. No associations were found with the Sexual Abuse dimension. Finally, the cumulative risk index was associated with all the outcome measures.Conclusions: The findings support the use of both the empirically-derived adversity dimensions and the cumulative risk index and suggest that these approaches may facilitate different research objectives. This study contributes to our understanding of the complexity of childhood adversity and its links to different expressions of psychopathology.
We investigated how different approaches to operationalizing childhood adversity relate to transdiagnostic psychopathology.Four childhood adversity dimensions were found to underlie multiple subscales from three well-established childhood adversity measures.The childhood adversity dimensions demonstrated some specificity in their associations with the psychopathology symptom domains and the cumulative risk index was associated with all the outcomes.