背景:胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)是一种高度侵袭性,侵入性,和不依赖生长因子的IV级胶质瘤。诊断后的生存率通常很差,中位生存期约为15个月,它被认为是最具侵袭性和致命性的中枢神经系统肿瘤。基于手术的常规治疗方法,化疗,放射治疗只能延缓进展,死亡是不可避免的。恶性胶质瘤细胞对传统疗法有抗药性,可能是由于具有侵袭性并能够快速再生的神经胶质瘤干细胞亚群。
方法:这是一个文献综述。在PubMed上进行了系统的信息检索,Embase,谷歌学者。PubMed中使用了指定的关键词,检索到的文章发表在同行评审的科学期刊上,并与脑GBM癌症和碘化钠同向转运蛋白(NIS)相关。此外,“放射性核素治疗或间充质,或放射性碘或碘-131或分子成像或基因治疗或翻译成像或靶向或治疗或转运体或病毒或实体瘤或联合治疗或垂体或质粒和胶质母细胞瘤或GBM或GB或神经胶质瘤也用于PubMed和GoogleScholar的适当文献数据库。在这次关于间充质干细胞碘化钠转运体和GBM的搜索中,共发现了68,244篇文章。这些文章直到2024年才被发现。为了研究最新进展,添加了一个过滤器,仅包括2014年至2024年的文章,删除了重复项,与标题无关的文章被排除在外。共78篇。从这些,删除关键词不匹配的文章后,没有检索到9个,只选择了7个。适当的研究被隔离,和重要的信息从他们中的每一个被理解,并输入到数据库中的信息,从这篇文章中使用。
结果:由于它们天然的识别恶性肿瘤的能力,MSC被用作肿瘤治疗载体。因为可以使用几种方法移植MSCs,它们已被提议作为NIS基因转移的理想载体。在许多肿瘤模型中,MSC已经被用作抗癌药物的递送载体,因为它们能够精确地移动到恶性肿瘤。此外,通过将放射性标记的MSCs直接注射到恶性肿瘤中,可以沉积β辐射的治疗剂量,额外的好处是肿瘤只会定位而不会扩散到周围的健康组织。
结论:基于非侵入性成像的胶质瘤干细胞检测为监测肿瘤、诊断和评估复发提供了一种替代手段。碘化钠转运体基因是多种人类甲状腺疾病中的特异性基因,其功能是将碘移动到细胞中。近年来,越来越多的研究已经报道了与钠碘转运体基因相关的各种肿瘤以及作为成像和治疗的治疗载体。基因治疗和核医学治疗为GBM提供了新的方向。在所有的临床前研究中,图像引导的细胞治疗带来了更大的生存益处,因此,有可能转化为胶质母细胞瘤治疗试验中的技术。
BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive, invasive, and growth factor-independent grade IV glioma. Survival following the diagnosis is generally poor, with a median survival of approximately 15 months, and it is considered the most aggressive and lethal central nervous system tumor. Conventional treatments based on surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy only delay progression, and death is inevitable. Malignant glioma cells are resistant to traditional therapies, potentially due to a subpopulation of glioma stem cells that are invasive and capable of rapid regrowth.
METHODS: This is a literature review. The systematic retrieval of information was performed on PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar. Specified keywords were used in PubMed and the articles retrieved were published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and were associated with brain GBM cancer and the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). Additionally, the words \'radionuclide therapy OR mesenchyma, OR radioiodine OR iodine-131 OR molecular imaging OR gene therapy OR translational imaging OR targeted OR theranostic OR symporter OR virus OR solid tumor OR combined therapy OR pituitary OR plasmid AND glioblastoma OR GBM OR GB OR glioma\' were also used in the appropriate literature databases of PubMed and Google Scholar. A total of 68,244 articles were found in this search on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sodium Iodide Symporter and GBM. These articles were found till 2024. To study recent advances, a filter was added to include articles only from 2014 to 2024, duplicates were removed, and articles not related to the title were excluded. These came out to be 78 articles. From these, nine were not retrieved and only seven were selected after the removal of keyword mismatched articles. Appropriate studies were isolated, and important information from each of them was understood and entered into a database from which the information was used in this article.
RESULTS: As a result of their natural capacity to identify malignancies, MSCs are employed as tumor therapy vehicles. Because MSCs may be transplanted using several methods, they have been proposed as the ideal vehicles for NIS gene transfer. MSCs have been used as a delivery vector for anticancer drugs in many tumor models due to their capacity to move precisely to malignancies. Also, by directly injecting radiolabeled MSCs into malignant tumors, a therapeutic dosage of beta radiation may be deposited, with the added benefit that the tumor would only localize and not spread to the surrounding healthy tissues.
CONCLUSIONS: The non-invasive imaging-based detection of glioma stem cells presents an alternate means to monitor the tumor and diagnose and evaluate recurrence. The sodium iodide symporter gene is a specific gene in a variety of human thyroid diseases that functions to move iodine into the cell. In recent years, an increasing number of studies related to the sodium iodide symporter gene have been reported in a variety of tumors and as therapeutic vectors for imaging and therapy. Gene therapy and nuclear medicine therapy for GBM provide a new direction. In all the preclinical studies reviewed, image-guided cell therapy led to greater survival benefits and, therefore, has the potential to be translated into techniques in glioblastoma treatment trials.