In this paper, the removal effects and activation energy of Ce and Pd doping on pollutants (CO, C3H6, and NO) were comparatively analyzed by using characterization methods and constructed kinetic equations. Furthermore, the problems of the water influence mechanism on the NSR process were also discussed. The results show the following: (1) Pd doping effectively improves the removal of CO (80%) and C3H6 (71%) in the low-temperature section of the catalyst (150-250 °C) compared to Ce doping, while Ce doping exhibits excellent low-temperature conversion of NO. (2) The reaction activation energy of the LaKMnPdO3 catalyst was 9784 kJ/mol, which was significantly lower than that of the LaKMnCeO3 catalyst. (3) The presence of H2O has an important enhancement effect in the storage performance of the LaKMnPdO3 catalyst for NOx but decreases the catalytic reduction of NO. It provides a solution for the effective treatment of the increasing problems of particulate matter and ozone pollution.

Fresh-cut radishes are susceptible to quality loss and microbial contamination during storage, resulting in a short shelf life. This study investigated the effects of photodynamic technology (PDT) on fresh-cut radishes stored at 4 °C for 10 d and developed appropriate models to predict the shelf life. Results showed that curcumin-mediated PDT maintained sensory acceptability, color, and firmness, decreased weight loss, and increased ascorbic acid and total phenolics of samples by inactivating polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, resulting in improved antioxidant capacity and quality. The total bacteria count in samples was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by 2.01 log CFU g-1 after PDT and their shelf life was extended by 6 d compared to the control. To accurately predict the shelf life, the kinetic models based on microbial growth were established, while weight loss, b* value, firmness, and ascorbic acid were selected as representative attributes for developing quality-based prediction models through correlation analysis. Modeling results showed prediction models based on ascorbic acid best fitted PDT-treated samples, while the modified Gompertz model based on bacteria growth was the best for control and samples treated by sodium hypochlorite. This study suggests that PDT is promising in extending the shelf life of fresh-cut radishes, and using critical indexes to establish the prediction model can provide a more reliable shelf-life estimation.

The anammox reaction simultaneously utilizes ammonia and nitrite as substrates; however, high nitrite concentrations act as strong inhibitors of the reaction. In this study, inhibition by NO2- and free nitrous acid (FNA) was separately evaluated in continuous feeding tests using different biomass carriers. The influent NO2- concentration was increased under pH 7.6, where FNA is less likely to affect anammox activity. A continuous test using polyethylene glycol (PEG) gel carriers containing immobilized anammox bacteria showed that the inhibition ratio was 13% when the NO2--N concentration in the reactor was 350 mg L-1 (FNA ≤0.06 mg L-1). The relationship between NO2- concentration in the reactor and inhibition ratio increased linearly. Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of FNA by increasing the influent NO2- concentration at pH 6.4, where FNA is easily formed, demonstrated that the relationship between FNA and inhibition ratio could be fitted to a sigmoid curve, and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of FNA was 0.88 mg L-1. A similar test performed using polyvinyl alcohol carriers containing anammox bacteria on their surface showed the same trend as the PEG gel carriers, with the IC50 for FNA at 0.70 mg L-1. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of FNA on anammox activity was greater than that of NO2-. The evaluation of these two factors helped identify important operational indicators of the stable application of anammox processes.

The conjugation reaction is the central step in the manufacturing process of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). This reaction generates a heterogeneous and complex mixture of differently conjugated sub-species depending on the chosen conjugation chemistry. The parametrization of the conjugation reaction through mechanistic kinetic models offers a chance to enhance valuable reaction knowledge and ensure process robustness. This study introduces a versatile modeling framework for the conjugation reaction of cysteine-conjugated ADC modalities-site-specific and interchain disulfide conjugation. Various conjugation kinetics involving different maleimide-functionalized payloads were performed, while controlled gradual payload feeding was employed to decelerate the conjugation, facilitating a more detailed investigation of the reaction mechanism. The kinetic data were analyzed with a reducing reversed phase (RP) chromatography method, that can readily be implemented for the accurate characterization of ADCs with diverse drug-to-antibody ratios, providing the conjugation trajectories of the single chains of the monoclonal antibody (mAb). Possible kinetic models for the conjugation mechanism were then developed and selected based on multiple criteria. When calibrating the established model to kinetics involving different payloads, conjugation rates were determined to be payload-specific. Further conclusions regarding the kinetic comparability across the two modalities could also be derived. One calibrated model was used for an exemplary in silico screening of the initial concentrations offering valuable insights for profound understanding of the conjugation process in ADC development.

The recent surge of interest in polaritons has prompted fundamental questions about the role of dark states in strong light-matter coupling phenomena. Here, we systematically vary the relative number of dark states by controlling the number of stacked CdSe nanoplatelets confined in a Fabry-Pérot cavity. We find the emission spectrum to change significantly with an increasing number of nanoplatelets, with a gradual shift of the dominant emission intensity from the lower polariton branch to a manifold of dark states. Through accompanying calculations based on a kinetic model, this shift is rationalized by an entropic trapping of excitations by the dark state manifold, while a weak dark state dispersion due to local disorder explains their nonzero emission. Our results point toward the relevance of the dark state concentration to the optical and dynamical properties of cavity-embedded quantum emitters with ramifications for Bose-Einstein condensate formation, polariton lasing, polariton-based quantum transduction schemes, and polariton chemistry.

Synergistic actions of peroxides and high-valent metals have garnered increasing attentions in wastewater treatment. However, how peroxides interact with the reactive metal species to enhance the reactivity remains unclear. Herein, we report the synergistic oxidation of peracetic acid (PAA) and permanganate(Ⅶ) towards micropollutants, and revisit the underlying mechanism. The PAA-Mn(VII) system showed remarkable efficiency with a 28-fold enhancement on sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation compared to Mn(Ⅶ) alone. Extensive quenching experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis revealed the generation of unexpected Mn(V) and Mn(VI) beyond Mn(III) in the PAA-Mn(VII) system. The utilization efficiency of Mn intermediates was quantified using 2,2\'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonate (ABTS), and the results indicated that PAA could enhance the electron transfer efficiency of reactive manganese (Mn) species, thus accelerating the micropollutant degradation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that Mn intermediates could coordinate to the O1 of PAA with a low energy gap, enhancing the oxidation capacity and stability of Mn intermediates. A kinetic model based on first principles was established to simulate the time-dependent concentration profiles of the PAA-Mn complexes and quantify the contributions of the PAA-Mn(III) complex (50.8 to 59.3 %) and the PAA-Mn(Ⅴ/Ⅵ) complex (40.7 to 49.2 %). The PAA-Mn(VII) system was resistant to the interference from complex matrix components (e.g., chloride and humic acid), leading to the high efficiency in real wastewater. This work provides new insights into the interaction of PAA with reactive manganese species for accelerated oxidation of micropollutants, facilitating its application in wastewater treatment.

The bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes (CEs) contaminated groundwater is attracting increasingly attention in practical remediation projects. However, modelling of microbial metabolic processes under the constraints of substrate and environmental factors is inadequate. This study developed a new kinetic model, which incorporated the logistic model and Dual-Monod kinetic to represent the interaction between the controlled microbial growth and the bioavailable substrates in CE-contaminated groundwater. The proposed model was based on discrete observations to simulate microbial growth under the constraints of substrate and environmental conditions, reducing the amount of observational data required for the model. Meanwhile, the proposed model introduced two new kinetic parameters, the effective specific growth rate μeff and the real self-limiting coefficient of microbial growth keff,sl, to simplified the number of independent parameters. A parameter estimation method based on the quasi-Newton\'s algorithm for the proposed model was also developed. The model was validated based on the hypothetical data, experimental results, and a published dataset, demonstrated the successful simulation of microbial growth and the sequential biodegradation of PCE in groundwater systems (*E < 0.3). The monitoring duration and the sampling schedule have significant impacts on estimating the biological parameters, and large errors would be induced when the data from the periods of extremely low substrate concentration or microbial growth decline were involved in parameter estimation. The research suggested that the proposed kinetic model provided a new insight to express the limitation of microbial population growth due to the available substrates and environmental factors, and is hoping to be applied in actual CE-contaminated sites.

To efficiently harness resources from Pinus koraiensis seed scales, a type of forestry waste, rigorous studies on the extraction, purification, stability, and free radical scavenging capacity of the proanthocyanidins derived from these seed scales were conducted. Kinetic models showed that under ultrasonic conditions, the proanthocyanidins content reached 2.66 mg/g within 0.5 h. The optimal storage parameters include darkness, 4 °C, and pH 4. The degrees of polymerization of the mixture and the high- and low-polymer components were 4.89, 7.42 and 3.07, respectively, with the low-polymer component exhibiting the highest radical scavenging activity. Through HPLC-QE-MS/MS, 1H NMR, and FT-IR analyses, we identified proanthocyanidin B1, proanthocyanidin B2, (-)-epicatechin, and polymeric trimer esters. The Pinus koraiensis proanthocyanidins exhibited a high molecular weight, a complex internal molecular structure, and commendable stability, with crystallization requiring elevated temperatures. Therefore, the proanthocyanidins from Pinus koraiensis seed scales have emerged as highly promising novel natural antioxidants.

The lifespan of an electrical transformer, primarily determined by the condition of its solid insulation, is well known under various operating conditions when mineral oil is the coolant in these machines. However, there is a trend toward replacing this oil with biodegradable fluids, especially esters; therefore, an understanding of the ageing of solid insulation with these fluids is essential. Currently available data do not allow for the selection of the best ester among those available on the market, as each study applies different conditions, making it impossible to compare results. Thus, this paper analyses the degradation of Kraft and Thermally Upgraded Kraft papers with the following five most promising commercial esters: sunflower, rapeseed, soybean, palm, and synthetic. The materials underwent accelerated thermal ageing at 130, 150, and 170 °C, and the integrity of the papers was evaluated through their polymerisation degree and the obtaining of the degradation kinetic models. The wide range of materials studied in this work, which were subjected to the same treatments, allows for a comparison of the esters, revealing significant differences in the impact of the alternative fluids. Sunflower, rapeseed, and soybean esters provided the best paper protection, i.e., the degree of polymerisation of Kraft paper in the tests at 150 °C decreased by 71% with these fluids, compared to the 83% reduction with mineral oil, 79% reduction with palm ester, and 75% reduction with synthetic ester. Furthermore, different kinetic models were obtained to predict the degradation; it was concluded that the Emsley model provides the best fit. Additionally, it was found that the behaviour of a dielectric fluid with one type of paper cannot be extrapolated, which is only noticeable in broad-scope studies.

Understanding the degradation of nanoparticles (NPs) after crossing the cell plasma membrane is crucial in drug delivery designs and cytotoxicity assessment. However, the key factors controlling the degradable kinetics remain unclear due to the absence of a quantification model. In this study, subcellular imaging of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was used to determine the intracellular transfer of AgNPs, and single particle ICP-MS was utilized to track the degradation process. A cellular kinetic model was subsequently developed to describe the uptake, transfer, and degradation behaviors of AgNPs. Our model demonstrated that the intracellular degradation efficiency of AgNPs was much higher than that determined by mimicking testing, and the degradation of NPs was highly influenced by cellular factors. Specifically, deficiencies in Ca or Zn primarily decreased the kinetic dissolution of NPs, while a Ca deficiency also resulted in the retardation of NP transfer. The biological significance of these kinetic parameters was strongly revealed. Our model indicated that the majority of internalized AgNPs dissolved, with the resulting ions being rapidly depurated. The release of Ag ions was largely dependent on the microvesicle-mediated route. By changing the coating and size of AgNPs, the model results suggested that size influenced the transfer of NPs into the degradation process, whereas coating affected the degradation kinetics. Overall, our developed model provides a valuable tool for understanding and predicting the impacts of the physicochemical properties of NPs and the ambient environment on nanotoxicity and therapeutic efficacy.