The 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was first time characterized in the neotropical fish Cnesterodon decemmaculatus as a biomarker for assessing environmental health in aquatic ecosystems of the Rio de la Plata Basin impacted by organic pollutants agonist of the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Both laboratory and field studies were conducted. Laboratory experiments were run using β-naphthoflavone (BNF) as an AhR agonist model. A clear concentration-response relationship was found between 1 and 100 μg/L, with a NOEC and LOEC of 1 and 10 μg/L. A fast time-dependent response was observed with a significant induction after 24 h and a plateau from 24 to 48 h up to 264 h of exposure. Differences in basal activity were found between juveniles, females, and males, but induction levels were similar. Both basal activities and induction levels were distinct in the whole body, liver, gill, muscle, brain, and embryos. Fold-change inductions in the respective tissues were: 20, 114, 3, 5, 1, and 14. Maternal transfer and early cyp1a activation were unveiled by embryonic induction. Clear differences in EROD activity were found among juveniles collected in hydrocarbon-polluted streams, beside the La Plata Petrochemical hub, and a reference stream. Similar EROD activities were observed in laboratory and feral fish, usually with values below or above 1000 pmol/min x mg protein for unexposed or exposed organisms. The study contributes with original information about EROD activity in C. decemmaculatus that encourages the use of both the response as a robust biomarker of exposure and the species as a good sentinel organism to be included in surveillant programs for assessing aquatic pollution by AhR agonist chemicals within the Rio de la Plata Basin within the One Health paradigm.

Microplastics (MPs) pervade the environment, infiltrating food sources and human bodies, raising concerns about their impact on human health. This review is focused on three key questions: (i) What type of polymers are humans most exposed to? (ii) What are the prevalent shapes of MPs found in food and human samples? (iii) Are the data influenced by the detection limit on the size of particles? Through a systematic literature analysis, we have explored data on polymer types and shapes found in food and human samples. The data provide evidence that polyester is the most commonly detected polymer in humans, followed by polyamide, polyurethane, polypropylene, and polyacrylate. Fibres emerge as the predominant shape across all categories, suggesting potential environmental contamination from the textile industry. Studies in humans and drinking water reported data on small particles, in contrast to larger size MPs detected in environmental research, in particular seafood. Discrepancies in size detection methodologies across different reports were identified, which could impact some of the discussed trends. This study highlights the need for more comprehensive research on the interactions between MPs and biological systems and the effects of MPs on toxicity, together with standardised analytical methodologies to accurately assess contamination levels and human exposure. Understanding these dynamics is essential for formulating effective strategies to mitigate the environmental and health implications of MP pollution.

Particulate matter (PM) imposes a significant impact to environmental health with deleterious effects on the human pulmonary and cardiovascular systems. Macrophages (Mφ), key immune cells in lung tissues, have a prominent role in responding to inhaled cells, accommodating inflammation, and influencing tissue repair processes. Elucidating the critical cellular responses of Mφ to PM exposure is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying PM-induced health effects. The present review aims to give a glimpse on literature about the PM interaction with Mφ, triggering the cellular events causing the inflammation, oxidative stress (OS) and tissue damage. The present paper reviews the different pathways involved in Mφ activation upon PM exposure, including phagocytosis, intracellular signaling cascades, and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Potential therapeutic strategies targeting Mφ-mediated responses to reduce PM-induced health effects are also discussed. Overall, unraveling the complex interplay between PM and Mφ sheds light on new avenues for environmental health research and promises to develop targeted interventions to reduce the burden of PM-related diseases on global health.

We examined one of the first published of the several systematic reviews being part of WHO\'s renewed initiative to assess the evidence of associations between man-made radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMF) and adverse health effects in humans. The examined review addresses experimental studies of pregnancy and birth outcomes in non-human mammals. The review claims that the analyzed data did not provide conclusions certain enough to inform decisions at a regulatory level. Our objective was to assess the quality of this systematic review and evaluate the relevance of its conclusions to pregnant women and their offspring. The quality and relevance were checked on the review\'s own premises: e.g., we did not question the selection of papers, nor the chosen statistical methods. While the WHO systematic review presents itself as thorough, scientific, and relevant to human health, we identified numerous issues rendering the WHO review irrelevant and severely flawed. All flaws found skew the results in support of the review\'s conclusion that there is no conclusive evidence for nonthermal effects. We show that the underlying data, when relevant studies are cited correctly, support the opposite conclusion: There are clear indications of detrimental nonthermal effects from RF-EMF exposure. The many identified flaws uncover a pattern of systematic skewedness aiming for uncertainty hidden behind complex scientific rigor. The skewed methodology and low quality of this review is highly concerning, as it threatens to undermine the trustworthiness and professionalism of the WHO in the area of human health hazards from man-made RF-EMF.

Background. Wildfire smoke events are increasing in frequency and intensity due to climate change. Children are especially vulnerable to health effects even at moderate smoke levels. However, it is unclear how parents respond to Air Quality Indices (AQIs) frequently used by agencies to communicate air pollution health risks. Methods. In an experiment (3 × 2 × 2 factorial design), 2,100 parents were randomly assigned to view one of twelve adapted AQI infographics that varied by visual (table, line, gauge), index type (AQI [0-500], AQHI [1-11+]), and risk level (moderate, high). Participants were told to imagine encountering the infographic in a short-term exposure scenario. They reported worry about wildfire smoke, intentions to take risk-mitigating actions (e.g., air purifier use), and support for various exposure reduction policies. Subsequently, participants were told to imagine encountering the same infographic daily during a school week in a long-term exposure scenario and again reported worry, action intentions, and policy support. Results. Parents\' responses significantly differentiated between risk levels that both pose a threat to children\'s health; worry and action intentions were much higher in the high-risk group than the moderate-risk group in both short-exposure (F = 748.68 p<.001; F = 411.59, p<.001) and long-exposure scenarios (F = 470.51, p<.001; F = 212.01, p<.001). However, in the short-exposure scenario, when shown the AQHI [1-11+] with either the line or gauge visuals, parents\' action intentions were more similar between moderate- and high-risk level groups (3-way interaction, F = 6.03, p = .002). Conclusions. These results suggest some index formats such as the AQHI-rather than the AQI-may better attune parents to moderate levels of wildfire smoke being dangerous to children\'s health. Our research offers insights for agencies and officials seeking to improve current public education efforts during wildfire smoke events and speaks to the critical need to educate parents and help them act short-term and long-term to protect children\'s health.

BACKGROUND: Chronic exposure to air pollutants harms human health, and at a geographical level, concentrations of air pollutants are often associated with socioeconomic disadvantage.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of educational attainment and air pollution on lung function in older adults, and whether air pollution may mediate the effect of education.
METHODS: The study included 6381 individuals (mean age 58.24 ± 7.14 years) who participated in the Czech HAPPIE (Health, Alcohol, and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe) study. Participants\' residential addresses were linked to air pollution data, including mean exposures to PM10 (particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter below 10 μm) and NO2 (nitrogen dioxide). We used path analysis to link educational attainment and air pollutants to a standardized measure of the Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1).
RESULTS: Higher levels of participants\' education were associated with lower exposures to PM10 and NO2. Individuals with tertiary education had higher standardized FEV1 than individuals with primary education (88 % vs 95 %). Path analysis revealed a direct positive effect of education on FEV1, while about 12 % of the relationship between education and lung function was mediated by PM10 and NO2. CONCLUSIONS: Education (typically completed at young ages) appeared to have a protective effect on lung function later in life, and a small part of this effect was mediated by air pollution.

Recent research has raised concern about the biocompatibility of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), as they have been reported to induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, whilst prolonged exposure to high IONP concentrations may lead to cyto-/genotoxicity. Besides, there is concern about its environmental impact. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of IONPs on the antioxidant defence system in freshwater fish Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus, Peters 1852). The fish were exposed to IONP concentration of 15 mg/L over 1, 3, 4, 15, 30, and 60 days and the findings compared to a control, unexposed group. In addition, we followed up the fish for 60 days after exposure had stopped to estimate the stability of oxidative stress induced by IONPs. Exposure affected the activity of antioxidant and marker enzymes and increased the levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation in the gill, liver, and brain tissues of the fish. Even after 60 days of depuration, adverse effects remained, indicating long-term nanotoxicity. Moreover, IONPs accumulated in the gill, liver, and brain tissues. Our findings underscore the potential health risks posed to non-target organisms in the environment, and it is imperative to establish appropriate guidelines for safe handling and disposal of IONPs to protect the aquatic environment.
Nedavna istraživanja izazvala su zabrinutost oko biokompatibilnosti nanočestica željezova oksida (engl. iron oxide nanoparticles – IONP), nakon što je utvrđeno da izazivaju oksidacijski stres i upalni odgovor, a produljena izloženost visokim koncentracijama IONP-a može dovesti do cito-/genotoksičnosti. Osim toga, postoji i zabrinutost u pogledu njihova utjecaja na okoliš. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je proučiti djelovanje IONP-a na antioksidacijski obrambeni sustav slatkovodne ribe mozambičke tilapije (Oreochromis mossambicus, Peters 1852). Ribe su bile izložene koncentraciji IONP-a od 15 mg/L tijekom 1, 3, 4, 15, 30 i 60 dana, a usporedno su praćene i jedinke kontrolne, neizložene skupine. Nadalje, praćenje je nastavljeno tijekom 60 dana nakon prestanka izloženosti kako bismo procijenili stabilnost oksidacijskoga stresa izazvanoga IONP-om. Izloženost je utjecala na aktivnost antioksidacijskih i markerskih enzima te povećala razine vodikova peroksida i lipidne peroksidacije u tkivu ribljih škrga, jetre i mozga. Čak i nakon 60 dana „čišćenja“ zaostali su štetni učinci, koji upozoravaju na nepovratnu nanotoksičnost. Štoviše, IONP se akumulirao u tkivu škrga, jetre i mozga. Naša otkrića naglašavaju potencijalne zdravstvene rizike za neciljane organizme u okolišu, te je nužno uspostaviti odgovarajuće smjernice za sigurno rukovanje i odlaganje IONP-a kako bi se zaštitio vodeni okoliš.

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The aim is to conduct theoretical reflection on the inseparability among public health, planetary health and the nursing process in light of complexity thinking, with the aim of contributing to healthy and sustainable development. Study with a theoretical-reflexive approach that accessed bibliographical sources from contemporary authors who defend the inseparability between public health and planetary health and, at the same time, provide theoretical-systemic support to the nursing process, under an inductive critical bias. The nursing process is conceived as a complex phenomenon, which comprises interdependent dynamics, dialogical approaches, critical-reflective perception and prospective leadership. Theoretical reflection on the nursing process and sustainable development raises an expanded, contextualized and interdependent look at the role of nursing professionals in different health contexts, in order not to compromise well-being and environmental health.

UNASSIGNED: Despite deep cultural traditions, incense burning significantly impacts respiratory health. Effects of Arabian bakhour remain unknown in Saudi Arabia\'s Jazan region with prevalent use. This cross-sectional study addresses this gap by investigating bakhour exposure and respiratory diseases.
UNASSIGNED: This was descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in Jazan area, Saudi Arabia, from October 2023 to March 2024. A total of 1612 participants age more than 18 years, both gender and resident of Jazan Area were included. Those aged less than 18 years were excluded. SPSS v 26 was used for data analysis.
UNASSIGNED: The sample (n=1612) had a mean age of 29±11 years and was 63% female. Bakhour use was nearly universal (98%), especially using coal (73%). Higher bakhour frequency significantly associated with increased cough (p<0.01) and dyspnea (p<0.01). Certain bakhour types linked to greater allergic rhinitis prevalence (p<0.01). Regression analysis revealed cough during bakhour use worsened respiratory health (increased respiratory score) by 3.89 times (95% CI 1.13-6.64; p=0.006) while dyspnea increased the score by 7.48 times (95% CI 4.70-10.25; p<0.001).
UNASSIGNED: This study provides valuable insights into the association between Bakhour use and respiratory health in the Jazan region. The findings emphasize the need for further research and public health interventions to mitigate potential respiratory risks associated with Bakhour use.