最近十年见证了纳米粒子领域的惊人增长,从他们的合成,表征,和功能化到不同的应用。在纳米级,与散装颗粒相比,这些颗粒表现出独特的物理化学性质,实现多种跨越能源的应用,催化作用,环境修复,生物医学,和超越。这篇综述侧重于特定的纳米粒子类别,包括磁性,黄金,银,和量子点(QD),以及混合变体,专门为生物医学应用量身定制。全面回顾和比较流行的化学品,物理,并介绍了生物合成方法。为了增强生物相容性和胶体稳定性,并促进表面改性和货物/代理装载,纳米粒子表面涂有不同的合成聚合物,最近,细胞膜涂层。聚合物或细胞膜包覆的纳米粒子的利用开启了广泛的生物医学应用,如磁共振成像(MRI),热疗,光热,样品富集,生物测定,药物输送,等。通过这次审查,我们的目标是提供一个全面的工具箱,了解聚合物或细胞膜包覆的纳米粒子及其生物医学应用,同时也解决了将此类纳米粒子从实验室台式计算机转化为体外和体内应用所涉及的挑战。此外,我们提供有关这个快速发展的领域的未来趋势和发展的观点。本文受版权保护。保留所有权利。
The recent decade has witnessed a remarkable surge in the field of nanoparticles, from their synthesis, characterization, and functionalization to diverse applications. At the nanoscale, these particles exhibit distinct physicochemical properties compared to their bulk counterparts, enabling a multitude of applications spanning energy, catalysis, environmental remediation, biomedicine, and beyond. This review focuses on specific nanoparticle categories, including magnetic, gold, silver, and quantum dots (QDs), as well as hybrid variants, specifically tailored for biomedical applications. A comprehensive review and comparison of prevalent chemical, physical, and biological synthesis methods are presented. To enhance biocompatibility and colloidal stability, and facilitate surface modification and cargo/agent loading, nanoparticle surfaces are coated with different synthetic polymers and very recently, cell membrane coatings. The utilization of polymer- or cell membrane-coated nanoparticles opens a wide variety of biomedical applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hyperthermia, photothermia, sample enrichment, bioassays, drug delivery, etc. With this review, the goal is to provide a comprehensive toolbox of insights into polymer or cell membrane-coated nanoparticles and their biomedical applications, while also addressing the challenges involved in translating such nanoparticles from laboratory benchtops to in vitro and in vivo applications. Furthermore, perspectives on future trends and developments in this rapidly evolving domain are provided.