An extensive literature has focused on the association between human, social, and economic capital and better immigrant economic attainment, and how these characteristics contribute to stratification among members of the same group. However, few studies have explored how racialization processes contribute to these within-group differences. We examine the role of intragroup differences in skin tone in stratifying outcomes among Mexican immigrants in the early twentieth century. We create a new dataset of 1910-1940 Mexican border-crossing records that we then link to the U.S. 1940 census. We use characteristics at entry to predict income in 1940 and find that-in line with dominant assimilation theories-standard measures of capital are associated with within-group attainment differences. However, we also find skin tone to be a source of within-group stratification: being perceived as having darker skin is associated with lower subsequent economic attainment than being perceived as having lighter skin. Furthermore, whereas human and social capital transcended context to allow migrants to transfer those skills anywhere, the effect of skin tone was significant only in Texas and not in other major receiving places like California. We argue that although standard measures of assimilation typically predict later outcomes, the stratifying effect of skin tone has long been a feature of Mexican immigration.

UNASSIGNED: Older adults discharged from the emergency department (ED) face elevated risk of falls and functional decline. Smartphones might enable remote monitoring of mobility after ED discharge, yet their application in this context remains underexplored.
UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to assess the feasibility of having older adults provide weekly accelerometer data from an instrumented Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) test over an 11-week period after ED discharge.
UNASSIGNED: This single-center, prospective, observational, cohort study recruited patients aged 60 years and older from an academic ED. Participants downloaded the GaitMate app to their iPhones that recorded accelerometer data during 11 weekly at-home TUG tests. We measured adherence to TUG test completion, quality of transmitted accelerometer data, and participants\' perceptions of the app\'s usability and safety.
UNASSIGNED: Of the 617 approached patients, 149 (24.1%) consented to participate, and of these 149 participants, 9 (6%) dropped out. Overall, participants completed 55.6% (912/1639) of TUG tests. Data quality was optimal in 31.1% (508/1639) of TUG tests. At 3-month follow-up, 83.2% (99/119) of respondents found the app easy to use, and 95% (114/120) felt safe performing the tasks at home. Barriers to adherence included the need for assistance, technical issues with the app, and forgetfulness.
UNASSIGNED: The study demonstrates moderate adherence yet high usability and safety for the use of smartphone TUG tests to monitor mobility among older adults after ED discharge. Incomplete TUG test data were common, reflecting challenges in the collection of high-quality longitudinal mobility data in older adults. Identified barriers highlight the need for improvements in user engagement and technology design.

BACKGROUND: In most countries engaged on the last mile towards malaria elimination, residual transmission mainly persists among vulnerable populations represented by isolated and mobile (often cross-border) communities. These populations are sometimes involved in informal or even illegal activities. In regions with Plasmodium vivax transmission, the specific biology of this parasite poses additional difficulties related to the need for a radical treatment against hypnozoites to prevent relapses. Among hard-to-reach communities, case management, a pillar of elimination strategy, is deficient: acute malaria attacks often occur in remote areas, where there is limited access to care, and drugs acquired outside formal healthcare are often inadequately used for treatment, which typically does not include radical treatment against P. vivax. For these reasons, P. vivax circulation among these communities represents one of the main challenges for malaria elimination in many non-African countries. The objective of this article is to describe the protocol of the CUREMA study, which aims to meet the challenge of targeting malaria in hard-to-reach populations with a focus on P. vivax.
RESULTS: CUREMA is a multi-centre, international public health intervention research project. The study population is represented by persons involved in artisanal and small-scale gold mining who are active and mobile in the Guiana Shield, deep inside the Amazon Forest. The CUREMA project includes a complex intervention composed of a package of actions: (1) health education activities; (2) targeted administration of treatment against P. vivax after screening against G6PD deficiency to asymptomatic persons considered at risk of silently carrying the parasite; (3) distribution of a self-testing and self-treatment kit (malakit) associated with user training for self-management of malaria symptoms occurring while in extreme isolation. These actions are offered by community health workers at settlements and neighbourhoods (often cross-border) that represent transit and logistic bases of gold miners. The study relies on hybrid design, aiming to evaluate both the effectiveness of the intervention on malaria transmission with a pre/post quasi-experimental design, and its implementation with a mixed methods approach.
CONCLUSIONS: The purpose of this study is to experiment an intervention that addresses both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria elimination in a mobile and isolated population and to produce results that can be transferred to many contexts facing the same challenges around the world.

Background: Mitochondrial abnormalities exist in lower-extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD), yet the association of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) with mitochondrial respiration in gastrocnemius muscle is unknown. The association of gastrocnemius mitochondrial respiration with 6-minute walk distance in PAD is unknown. Objective: To describe associations of the ABI with mitochondrial respiratory function in gastrocnemius muscle biopsies and associations of gastrocnemius mitochondrial respirometry with 6-minute walk distance in people with and without PAD. Methods: People with (ABI ⩽ 0.90) and without (ABI 1.00-1.40) PAD were enrolled. ABI and 6-minute walk distance were measured. Mitochondrial function of permeabilized myofibers from gastrocnemius biopsies was measured with high-resolution respirometry. Results: A total of 30 people with PAD (71.7 years, mean ABI: 0.64) and 68 without PAD (71.8 years, ABI: 1.17) participated. In non-PAD participants, higher ABI values were associated significantly with better mitochondrial respiration (Pearson correlation for maximal oxidative phosphorylation PCI+II: +0.29, p = 0.016). In PAD, the ABI correlated negatively and not significantly with mitochondrial respiration (Pearson correlation for PCI+II: -0.17, p = 0.38). In people without PAD, better mitochondrial respiration was associated with better 6-minute walk distance (Pearson correlation: +0.51, p < 0.001), but this association was not present in PAD (Pearson correlation: +0.10, p = 0.59). Conclusions: Major differences exist between people with and without PAD in the association of gastrocnemius mitochondrial respiration with ABI and 6-minute walk distance. Among people without PAD, ABI and walking performance were positively associated with mitochondrial respiratory function. These associations were not observed in PAD.

UNASSIGNED: Loss of mobility is common in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), but little is known about this impairment from the patient\'s perspective.
UNASSIGNED: The aim is to model longitudinal variation in a mobility patient-reported outcome (PRO) and compare trajectories to those observed for Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW) in a retrospective cohort.
UNASSIGNED: Latent-class growth analysis was applied to 47,508 measures of Performance Scales© Mobility PRO (PS-Mobility) over ~4 years for 8524 PwMS. For 7347 PwMS, there were 41,988 T25FW measures during this period. Repeated measures correlation and concordance of trajectory assignment were evaluated.
UNASSIGNED: At the group level, PS-Mobility and T25FW linearly worsened and repeated-measures correlation was moderate. Eight latent classes with varying shapes that worsened described PS-Mobility variation, compared to six latent classes for T25FW that differed by intercept. The agreement between PS-Mobility and T25FW cluster assignment was modest. A higher proportion of individuals who were Black/African American, older, Medicaid beneficiaries, living in deprived neighborhoods, had longer disease duration, had progressive disease, and ever smokers were assigned to more impaired clusters.
UNASSIGNED: Cross-sectionally, PS-Mobility and T25FW were highly correlated, but longitudinally correlation was modest to moderate, underscoring the importance of considering both objective and subjective perspectives in evaluating mobility changes in PwMS.

Taxation and representation are famously linked in the coercive co-authored project of political governance described through the social contract metaphor. Globalisation transforms this canonical account of the state. Many people can relocate and operate beyond state borders, consuming goods and services publicly offered by other jurisdictions. Expanding people\'s opportunities to satisfy their preferences and pursue their goals supports their liberty. Yet, it also limits the ability of states to collect taxes so as to provide necessary public goods and secure justice, jeopardising the bond between taxation and equal membership in a political community. The challenge for taxation under globalisation is to revitalise the very basis of the social contract. Ideally, the new social contract should support the states\' just institutions and the collective self-determination of their members without rolling back the opportunities people have acquired through globalisation.

UNASSIGNED: The study aimed to determine the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the Ratings of Perceived Stability (RPS) scale as a measure of balance exercise intensity in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS).
UNASSIGNED: Twenty participants with MS (mean age: 58.1 ± 15.29; 60% female) performed 14 balance tasks on two separate occasions wearing body-worn inertial sensors and rated their perceived stability for each task. Sensor data included sway velocity and angle, gait speed, turn velocity, and lean angle. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Spearman rank correlations (rs) were employed to assess reliability and validity, respectively.
UNASSIGNED: The RPS showed good to excellent test-retest reliability (ICC> 0.75) on 12 out of the 14 tasks. The stability ratings revealed moderate relationships with postural sway outcomes in static balance tasks (rs: 0.49 to 0.77) and weak to moderate associations with gait speed (rs: -0.69 to -0.14). Ratings of stability were also strongly related to turn velocity (rs= -0.77) and moderately related to lean angle (rs= 0.58).
UNASSIGNED: The RPS scale offers a promising clinical tool to measure balance exercise intensity for persons with MS. This standardized scale allows for tailored balance training with a novel means for exercise monitoring and progression in this population.
The Ratings of Perceived Stability (RPS) scale is a reliable and valid measure for determining balance exercise intensity in persons with multiple sclerosis.The RPS scale can contribute to clear evaluation, description, and replication of balance training intensity in future balance interventions.

UNASSIGNED: Thoracic spine manipulation (TSM) increases the thoracic spine\'s range of motion (ROM), effectively reducing pain intensity and disability in patients with mechanical neck pain. We aimed to determine the effect of TSM on neck pain intensity and functional impairment in patients classified under the \"mobility\" category in Childs\' classification.
UNASSIGNED: In this randomized controlled trial, patients with mechanical neck pain who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either the TSM (n = 21) or sham manipulation (n = 20) group. The primary outcomes were pain during neck rotation and subjective improvement assessed using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Global Rating of Change (GROC), respectively. The secondary outcomes were NPRS at rest, disability (assessed using the Neck Disability Index [NDI]), and ROM of the cervical and thoracic spine rotation. Outcome measurements were performed at baseline, immediately after treatment, 1 week after treatment, and at the 4-week follow-up. Linear mixed models were used to analyze the NPRS, NDI, and ROM. The GROC was analyzed using a chi-square test for the percentage recording ≥+4; the means of each group were compared using an unpaired t-test.
UNASSIGNED: The NPRS with neck rotation, neck and thoracic ROM, and NDI showed significant interactions between the groups. The NPRS with neck rotation was significantly lower in the TSM group than in the sham group at all time points after the treatment (p < 0.001). There was no difference between the groups in the proportion showing moderate (≥+4) improvement according to the GROC; however, there was a significant difference in the mean values (p = 0.013).
UNASSIGNED: Incorporating TSM into treatment protocols may improve clinical outcomes in patients with neck pain, potentially leading to better pain management and functional recovery. Therefore, physiotherapists should consider TSM as a viable and effective intervention to improve patient outcomes in neck pain rehabilitation.

Since the mid-1970s, there has been a sharp rise in the prevalence of \"bad jobs\" in the U.S. labor market, characterized by stagnant wages, unstable work schedules, and limited fringe benefits. Scholarly, policy, and public debate persists, however, about whether these jobs can serve as steppingstones to intra-generational job quality mobility or are instead \"poverty traps.\" While scholarship increasingly recognizes the multi-dimensional nature of job quality, prior research on intra-generational job mobility overwhelmingly estimates only wage mobility and generally focuses on estimating the degree of mobility, to the exclusion of the contexts and mechanisms that foster such mobility. We draw on new panel data collected from 8600 hourly service sector workers between 2017 and 2022 to estimate short-run mobility into good jobs, defined as paying at least $15/hour, having a stable work schedule, and offering paid sick leave, employer-sponsored health insurance, and retirement benefits. Overall, we find that mobility into such \"good jobs\" is low. However, we show that the rate of transition into \"good jobs\" is strongly conditioned by local labor market conditions: during the \"Great Resignation\" and in low state-month unemployment periods, nearly twice the share of workers transitioned to \"good jobs\" as in less favorable contexts, particularly workers who changed sector as opposed to staying at the same firm or taking new jobs in the service sector. Notably, during periods of labor market tightness, workers who stayed at the same employer had similar rates of mobility into \"good jobs\" as those who changed employers within the sector.

OBJECTIVE: To establish reference values for SPPB score as well as test performances among Taiwanese community-dwelling older adults.
METHODS: Participants included 847 older adults. The total scores and three subtest scores for the SPPB and the registered time to complete the walk and five-repetition sit-to-stand (STS) tests were determined and compared between sex and age (65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 years) groups.
RESULTS: The mean SPPB total score was 10.9 in women and 10.5 in men. SPPB scores did not differ by sex, regardless of age group. However, the walk test (p = .030) and STS test (p = .008) timings were longer for men than for women in the 65-74-year-old group. The ≥85-year-old men achieved a lower balance score than did the 65-74-year-old men (p = .027).
CONCLUSIONS: Population-specific SPPB reference values contribute to assessments of physical function and facilitate cross-cultural comparisons of physical performance.