■2020年,美国众议院拨款委员会指示疾病预防控制中心制定国家“一个健康”框架,以对抗人畜共患疾病,包括热带瘟疫,这是由跳蚤传播的鼠疫耶尔森氏菌引起的。这一审查建立在多部门目标的基础上。我们的目标是提高对鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的认识,并强调为“一个健康”目的缓解鼠疫的例子(即,为了实现人们的最佳健康结果,动物,植物,和他们的共享环境)。我们主要借鉴美国的例子,还讨论了马达加斯加和乌干达的相关研究,鼠疫杆菌已成为这些疫区的人畜共患威胁。
■历史上,大部分鼠疫研究都是针对人类的这种疾病。这并不奇怪,鉴于鼠疫杆菌是人类历史的祸害。然而,在自然条件下,鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的生态与其他哺乳动物和跳蚤有着千丝万缕的联系。越来越多的证据表明,鼠疫菌对多种生态系统构成了持续的威胁,细菌能够显著减少本地物种的丰度和多样性,同时改变竞争和营养关系,食物网络连接,和营养循环。在这样做的时候,鼠疫菌改造生态系统,在人类中引起“基线移位综合征”,自然环境条件的公认规范逐渐发生变化。在自然界中根除鼠疫杆菌很难,也不可能,但有效的缓解是可以实现的;我们在这种情况下讨论跳蚤媒介控制和一个健康的影响。
■迫切需要迅速扩大鼠疫菌的研究,跨越美国西部和国外的多种寄主和跳蚤物种以及各种生态系统,为了人类和环境健康的目的。许多野生动物物种的命运悬而未决,在某些地区对人类的影响是深远的。需要进行多部门合作研究,以确定每个流行病学背景下问题的范围,并确定,精炼,并实施适当和有效的缓解措施。
UNASSIGNED: In 2020, the Appropriations Committee for the U.S. House of Representatives directed the CDC to develop a national One Health framework to combat zoonotic diseases, including sylvatic plague, which is caused by the flea-borne bacterium Yersinia pestis. This review builds upon that multisectoral objective. We aim to increase awareness of Y. pestis and to highlight examples of plague mitigation for One Health purposes (i.e., to achieve optimal health outcomes for people, animals, plants, and their shared environment). We draw primarily upon examples from the USA, but also discuss research from Madagascar and Uganda where relevant, as Y. pestis has emerged as a zoonotic threat in those foci.
UNASSIGNED: Historically, the bulk of plague research has been directed at the disease in humans. This is not surprising, given that Y. pestis is a scourge of human history. Nevertheless, the ecology of Y. pestis is inextricably linked to other mammals and fleas under natural conditions. Accumulating evidence demonstrates Y. pestis is an unrelenting threat to multiple ecosystems, where the bacterium is capable of significantly reducing native species abundance and diversity while altering competitive and trophic relationships, food web connections, and nutrient cycles. In doing so, Y. pestis transforms ecosystems, causing \"shifting baselines syndrome\" in humans, where there is a gradual shift in the accepted norms for the condition of the natural environment. Eradication of Y. pestis in nature is difficult to impossible, but effective mitigation is achievable; we discuss flea vector control and One Health implications in this context.
UNASSIGNED: There is an acute need to rapidly expand research on Y. pestis, across multiple host and flea species and varied ecosystems of the Western US and abroad, for human and environmental health purposes. The fate of many wildlife species hangs in the balance, and the implications for humans are profound in some regions. Collaborative multisectoral research is needed to define the scope of the problem in each epidemiological context and to identify, refine, and implement appropriate and effective mitigation practices.