在血液或其他生理液体中,“循环细胞和亚细胞生物颗粒”包括许多微观生物元素,如循环肿瘤细胞(CTC),无细胞DNA(cfDNA),外泌体,microRNAs,血小板,免疫细胞,和蛋白质是最知名和研究的。这些结构是医疗保健和医学研究中的关键生物标志物,用于早期发现癌症和其他疾病。使治疗能够在临床症状出现之前开始,并提高治疗效果。随着这些待检测的生物标志物的大小减少,它们在体液中的数量减少,检测材料,从视觉检查到先进的显微镜技术,开始变小,更敏感,更快,更有效,得益于纳米技术的发展.这篇综述首先定义了循环细胞和亚细胞生物颗粒及其生物,物理,和机械性能,其次关注它们的诊断重要性,包括他们作为生物标志物的最新应用,用来检测它们的生物传感器,目前必须克服的障碍,以及该领域的未来发展。随着技术的进步和生物分子途径的深入,诊断测试将变得更加敏感,具体,和彻底。最后,将循环细胞和生物颗粒的诊断应用的最新进展整合到临床实践中,对于精准医学和患者预后是有希望的。
In the bloodstream or other physiological fluids, \"circulating cells and sub-cellular bio-particles\" include many microscopic biological elements such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), exosomes, microRNAs, platelets, immune cells, and proteins are the most well-known and investigated. These structures are crucial biomarkers in healthcare and medical research for the early detection of cancer and other disorders, enabling treatment to commence before the onset of clinical symptoms and enhancing the efficacy of treatments. As the size of these biomarkers to be detected decreases and their numbers in body fluids diminishes, the detection materials, ranging from visual inspection to advanced microscopy techniques, begin to become smaller, more sensitive, faster, and more effective, thanks to developing nanotechnology. This review first defines the circulating cells and subcellular bio-particles with their biological, physical, and mechanical properties and second focuses on their diagnostic importance, including their most recent applications as biomarkers, the biosensors that are utilized to detect them, the present obstacles that must be surmounted, and prospective developments in the domain. As technology advances and biomolecular pathways are deepens, diagnostic tests will become more sensitive, specific, and thorough. Finally, integrating recent advances in the diagnostic use of circulating cells and bioparticles into clinical practice is promising for precision medicine and patient outcomes.