The feasibility of surgery after immunotherapy for mediastinal liposarcoma remains uncertain. Besides, the case of immunotherapy for liposarcoma is still lacking. We report a case of recurrence after resection of a left mediastinal liposarcoma. After recurrence, one course of pembrolizumab plus anlotinib hydrochloride showed no tumor shrinkage, and genetic testing showed CDK4 amplification and PD-L1 TPS <1%; therefore, the plan was changed to one course of pembrolizumab plus palbociclib, but the tumor still did not shrink. Thus, second tumor resection was performed. In addition, the postoperative pathology was still well-differentiated liposarcoma. The significance of immunotherapy in liposarcoma still needs to be further explored. In the absence of surgical contraindications, secondary surgery might be feasible.

Despite improvements in overall survival, the recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is becoming more common and remains a challenge necessitating accurate reappraisal of the patient. This study aimed to describe the characteristics, reasons, morbidity, and strategies of second operations for DTC.
This was a retrospective observational study of patients with DTC who underwent a second surgery between June 2008 and June 2021 in the Department of Thyroid Surgery at China-Japanese Union Hospital, Jilin University, P.R. China. All clinical characteristics were recorded, and the analysis was estimated using SPSS.
Second surgeries were detected in 683 patients. The proportion of second operations changed with the update of international guidelines from 2015 (P < 0.001). The true recurrence rate progressively increased from 21.3% to 61.5%. The rate of an \"absence of preoperative FNA\" or an \"absence of intraoperative pathology at first surgery\" decreased from 49.8% to 12.7%, while that of a \"misdiagnosis of preoperative FNA at second surgery\" decreased from 10% to 1.8%. The most common tumor location during the second surgery was the lateral lymph nodes (n = 104, 36.5%), with a median time to relapse of 36 months. Completion of thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection correlated with the second operation.
After 2015, second surgeries were more standardized, the incidence of complications decreased, and real recurrence became the most common reason for a second DTC surgery.

The impact of different patterns of glioblastoma (GBM) recurrence has not yet been fully established in patients suitable for a second surgery. Through the present observational study carried out at Pisa University Hospital, we aimed to investigate how different patterns of GBM failure influence second surgery outcomes. Overall survival (OS) and post-recurrence survival (PRS) were assessed according to clinical characteristics, including pattern of recurrence, in a prospective cohort of recurrent GBM patients. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test was applied to evaluate the differences between curves. Patients with local recurrence had better OS than patients with non-local one, 24.1 versus 18.2 months, respectively [P = 0.015, HR = 1.856 (1.130-3.050)]. The second surgery conferred an advantage in OS respect to non-operated patients, however, this advantage was more evident in patients with local recurrence [P = 0.002 with HR 0.212 (95% CI 0.081-0.552) and P = 0.029 with HR = 0.522 (95% CI 0.291-0.936), respectively]. The recurrence pattern can influence the outcome of patients with recurrent GBM suitable for a second surgery.

Surgical failure or recurrence of Cushing\'s disease can be treated with medical therapy, radiotherapy, adrenalectomy, and/or repeat transsphenoidal surgery, all of which have their respective benefits and drawbacks. Redo transsphenoidal surgery has been shown to achieve at least short-term remission in about 40-80% of patients and is associated with low rates of morbidity and near-zero mortality, albeit higher rates of postoperative hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, and cerebrospinal fluid leak than initial resection. Despite this, recurrence may ensue in 50% of patients. When selecting patient candidates for reoperation, many predictors of postoperative outcomes have been proposed including imaging characteristics, histopathological staining, intraoperative tumor visualization, and tumor size, however no single predictor consistently predicts outcomes. Redo transsphenoidal surgery should be performed by an experienced pituitary surgeon and patients should be followed at a tertiary care center by a multidisciplinary team consisting of an experienced endocrinologist and neurosurgeon to monitor closely for remission and recurrence.

In case of circumscribed recurrent glioblastoma (rec-GBM), a second surgery (Re-S) and reirradiation (Re-RT) are local strategies to consider. The aim is to provide an algorithm to use in the daily clinical practice. The first step is to consider the life expectancy in order to establish whether the patient should be a candidate for active treatment. In case of a relatively good life expectancy (>3 months) and a confirmed circumscribed disease(i.e. without multiple lesions that are in different lobes/hemispheres), the next step is the assessment of the prognostic factors for local treatments. Based on the existing prognostic score systems, patients who should be excluded from local treatments may be identified; based on the validated prognostic factors, one or the other local treatment may be preferred. The last point is the estimation of expected toxicity, considering patient-related, tumor-related and treatment-related factors impacting on side effects. Lastly, patients with very good prognostic factors may be considered for receiving a combined treatment.

This case reports the unsuccessful first treatment and the subsequent retreatment of a 35-year old Asian female with a skeletal class II with bimaxillary protrusion, complicated by a deep bite and vertical maxillary excess. This case report highlights the multiple facets of a challenging treatment plan and discusses the ramifications of treatment when treatment does not go as planned. The initial treatment plan consisted of a surgical approach with a maxillary Le Fort I surgery to correct the malocclusion as per the patient\'s requests without mandibular surgery due to the inherent risk of paraesthesia. The second treatment plan consisted of a bimaxillary surgery with genioplasty. The surgical treatment utilized virtual surgical planning (VSP). The orthodontic treatment was concluded with a corrected overjet and overbite achieving optimum function and balancing the facial profile aesthetically. This case report highlights the need for clear communication of the treatment plan and also the unpredictability of certain treatment outcomes especially when the literature does not provide for definitive conclusions. In addition, it sheds light on the challenge of unpredictable response of soft tissue after surgical treatment and the importance of patient expectations of outcomes. It is hoped that the paper provides a platform for future discussions of difficult malocclusions.

UNASSIGNED: Some thyroid cancers are found after thyroidectomy for benign lesions, implying additional surgery and treatments. This work aimed to investigate the role of intraoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for diagnosis of incidental thyroid carcinoma.
UNASSIGNED: This was a retrospective study of 541 consecutive patients who underwent thyroid surgery between 02/2012 and 02/2014 at the Hunan Provincial People\'s Hospital. All patients were diagnosed with thyroid benign lesions preoperatively and intraoperatively. Among them, 375 underwent successful intraoperative SLNB using carbon nanoparticles (CNs).
UNASSIGNED: The preoperative diagnoses were nodular goiter (n=472), Hashimoto\'s disease with nodules (n=24), hyperthyroidism with nodules (n=16), and thyroid cysts with obstructive symptoms (n=29). In the SLNB group, SLN metastasis of thyroid microcarcinoma was confirmed in 21/392 cases (5.4%). These 21 patients received radical surgical treatment for thyroid carcinoma during the initial operation. In the no-SLNB group (n=149), seven patients (4.7%) were finally diagnosed with thyroid microcarcinoma. Six patients had to undergo a second surgery.
UNASSIGNED: Intraoperative SLNB could help diagnose differentiated thyroid microcarcinoma that may be missed preoperatively and intraoperatively. This could prevent the need for a second surgery since the intraoperative frozen section examination of the SLNs can reveal metastasis from thyroid cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although the incidence of second surgery for adjacent segment disease (ASD) after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has been reported, its risk factors remain elusive. Few studies have had a sufficiently large number of patients, long follow-up time, and high follow-up rate for investigation. To identify non-surgical risk factors of second surgery for ASD following ACDF, the study used a national cohort with comprehensive follow-up.
METHODS: All second ACDF surgery after one year from the first ACDF were identified as a consequence of ASD that required another surgery. A multivariate competing risk survival model, Kaplan-Meier survivorship, and average time to events were calculated.
RESULTS: Among 38,149 patients who had the first ACDF, 1,092 (2.9%) later (mean 4.66 years) received a second ACDF surgery, during the nearly-perfect follow-up of 16 years. Young age and psychiatric disorders were independent risk factors. Patients who were aged under 40, 50, 60 and 70 years were, respectively, 4.56, 4.09, 3.09 and 2.17 times more likely than those older than 70 years. Also, patients with depression or psychoses were, respectively, 1.42 and 1.45 times more likely to have second surgery for ASD. (all p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Young age and psychiatric disorders are independent risk factors of second ACDF surgery for ASD. Personalized strategies to ameliorate or postpone the development of ASD are therefore warranted for patients who need ACDF surgery.

The aim of the research was to separate the distant metastasis (DM) enhancing effect due to breast tumour removal from that due to surgical manoeuvre by itself.
DM dynamics following surgery for ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence (IBTR), contralateral breast cancer (CBC) and delayed reconstruction (REC), which was performed after the original breast cancer surgical removal, was analysed. A total of 338 patients with IBTR, 239 with CBC and 312 with REC were studied.
The DM dynamics following IBTR, CBC and REC, when assessed with time origin at their surgical treatment, is similar to the analogous pattern following primary tumour removal, with a first major peak at about 18 months and a second lower one at about 5 years from surgery. The time span between primary tumour removal and the second surgery is influential on DM risk levels for IBTR and CBC patients, not for REC patients.
The role of breast tumour removal is different from the role of surgery by itself. Our findings suggest that the major effect of reconstructive surgery is microscopic metastasis acceleration, while breast tumour surgical removal (either primary or IBTR or CBC) involves both tumour homeostasis interruption and microscopic metastasis growth acceleration. The removal of a breast tumour would eliminate its homeostatic restrains on metastatic foci, thus allowing metastasis development, which, in turn, would be supported by the forwarding action of the mechanisms triggered by the surgical wounding.

BACKGROUND: Factors associated with adverse events after distal biceps tendon repair or reconstruction are incompletely understood. This study examined factors associated with adverse events, prevalence of adverse events, and rate of second surgeries after distal biceps repair or reconstruction.
METHODS: Between January 2002 and March 2015, 373 adult patients who underwent repair or reconstruction of the distal biceps tendon at 1 of 3 area hospitals were analyzed to determine factors associated with adverse events after surgical repair or reconstruction of the distal biceps tendon.
RESULTS: Of 373 distal biceps tendon repairs or reconstructions, 82 (22%) had an adverse event; 5.3% were major adverse events. In multivariable analysis, a single-incision anterior approach and obesity were associated with a higher rate of adverse events. Fifteen patients (18% of patients with an adverse event and 4% of all patients) had a second surgery after distal biceps tendon surgery.
CONCLUSIONS: Patients should be counseled that 1 in 5 patients will have a minor complication and 1 in 20 patients will have a major complication after surgery on the distal biceps tendon. The most common adverse event is lateral antebrachial cutaneous neurapraxia.