We conducted clinical and histological evaluations on two male patients who presented with corneal keloid. One patient had a history of corneal trauma due to contact with boiling sunflower oil, while the other had undergone pterygium removal. Upon slit lamp examination, the corneal lesions were identified as single, well-circumscribed, pearly white nodules with a smooth surface. We successfully removed these nodules using a combination of superficial keratectomy and the application of mitomycin C. Light microscopy analysis of the excised nodules revealed hyperplastic epithelium, disrupted Bowman\'s layer, and irregularly arranged abundant collagen fibers within the stroma. Notably, there was no recurrence of the lesions in either case within six months following the surgical excision. Secondary corneal keloids should be considered as a potential diagnosis in patients with elevated corneal nodules, especially when there is a history of ocular surface trauma or surgery.

Fanconi anemia is a rare but most prevalent form of inherited aplastic anemia, predominantly transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner, except for one X-linked variant. It arises from mutations in the genes across 16 different complementation groups that are crucial for DNA stability. It is marked by a wide range of congenital malformations, progressive pancytopenia, and an increased risk of both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. The congenital abnormalities associated with it can affect various organ systems, including the skeletal system, with significant variability among patients. One similar case has been reported here, which had the typical clinical features of FA. Due to varied phenotypic presentation, diagnosing FA can be challenging. A Chromosomal Breakage Study using mitomycin C (MMC) or diepoxybutane (DEB) is a distinctive cellular marker that aids in the diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Devices that increase the penetrance of intravesical chemotherapeutics are emerging as alternatives to classical Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) treatment.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of mitomycin C applied with the electromotive drug delivery device (MMC-EMDA) versus BCG in patients with intermediate and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) without carcinoma in situ (CIS).
METHODS: Prospective non-randomized study in which 47 patients received MMC-EMDA (40 mg of MMC diluted in 50 mg of distilled water at 20 mA for 30 min. Regimen of 6 weekly and then 6 monthly instillations) and 48 patients received BCG (50 mg of OncoCITE® diluted in 50 ml of normal saline for 60 min. Regimen of 6 weekly instillations and then 3 weekly instillations at months 3, 6 and 12). The primary endpoint was the recurrence-free rate (RFR) at 24 months. Secondary endpoints were time to recurrence and progression-free rate (PFR) at 24 months follow-up.
RESULTS: Baseline patient assessment and mean follow-up time were similar in both groups (MMC-EMDA group: 26.4 months; BCG group: 28.4 months (p = 0.44)). The RFR at 24 months was 80.9% for the MMC-EMDA group and 77.1% for the BCG group (p = 0.969). The mean time to recurrence was 12.5 months in the MMC-EMDA group and 14 months in the BCG group (p = 0.681). At 24 months, PFR was 97.9% in the MMC-EMDA group and 93.8% in the BCG group (p = 0.419).
CONCLUSIONS: No differences were found between MMC-EMDA and BCG treatments in patients with high-risk and intermediate-risk NMIBC without CIS.

To develop the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for measuring mitomycin C in rat plasma, samples were processed using solid-phase extraction, with the internal standard being carbamazepine. A reversed phased C18 column was utilized for the LC-MS/MS study, and mobile phases consisting of 0.1 % formic acid in acetonitrile and water were injected into it at a rate of 0.3 mL/min. Multiple reaction monitoring in positive-ion mode with precursor-product ion pairs 335.3 → 242.3 (mitomycin C) and 237.1 → 194.1 (carbamazepine) was employed to quantify the compounds. The linear range in plasma was found to be 10-4000 ng/mL (r2 = 0.992). The inter-batch and intra-batch precision were <14.3 % (LLOQ: 14.7 %) and 13.4 % (LLOQ: 16.1 %), respectively. The recovery and the matrix effect of mitomycin C in plasma were 113 % and 111 %, respectively. Mitomycin C was stable under the conditions of this assay method. In the end, this approach proved effective in a pharmacokinetic investigation with the intravenous and oral administration of mitomycin C to rats.

UNASSIGNED: To report clinical features and treatment outcome of three cases with isolated corneal intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).
UNASSIGNED: This case series presents 3 patients with isolated CIN. Data collected included, presenting signs and symptoms including vision, anterior segment examination, medical and surgical outcomes and signs and symptoms at lost post-treatment visit.
UNASSIGNED: Case 1 was a 45-year-old male who presented with an isolated grayish amoeboid corneal lesion which was excised with alcohol assisted epitheliectomy, he also received 6 cycles of topical mitomycin C (MMC) 0.02% and one injection of interferon alfa-2b with no recurrence during the 10-year follow-up period. Case 2 was 78-year-old male referred for a suspicious white corneal lesion which was completely excised, the patient also received 6 subconjunctival injections of interferon alpha-2b. However, the lesion recurred at 2.5-years post-treatment. Case 3 was a 63-year-old male patient who presented with an isolated corneal lesion that was excised using alcohol-assisted epitheliectomy, patient received four cycles of topical 5-fluorouracil with no recurrence at last follow-up visit at 6 months.
UNASSIGNED: Isolated corneal intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a rare entity with few reported cases in the literature. In this case series, we report long and short-term management outcomes of combined surgical and medical therapy for isolated CIN.

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is a common tumour in men and women. In case of resistance to the standard therapeutic agents, gemcitabine can be used as off-label instillation therapy into the bladder. To reduce potential side effects, continuous efforts are made to optimise the therapeutic potential of drugs, thereby reducing the effective dose and consequently the pharmacological burden of the medication. We recently demonstrated that it is possible to significantly increase the therapeutic efficacy of mitomycin C against a bladder carcinoma cell line by exposure to non-toxic doses of blue light (453 nm). In the present study, we investigated whether the therapeutically supportive effect of blue light can be further enhanced by the additional use of the wavelength-specific photosensitiser riboflavin. We found that the gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity of bladder cancer cell lines (BFTC-905, SW-1710, RT-112) was significantly enhanced by non-toxic doses of blue light in the presence of riboflavin. Enhanced cytotoxicity correlated with decreased levels of mitochondrial ATP synthesis and increased lipid peroxidation was most likely the result of increased oxidative stress. Due to these properties, blue light in combination with riboflavin could represent an effective therapy option with few side effects and increase the success of local treatment of bladder cancer, whereby the dose of the chemotherapeutic agent used and thus the chemical load could be significantly reduced with similar or improved therapeutic success.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the success rate and complications of adjuvant use of mitomycin C and triamcinolone-impregnated biodegradable nasal packing (TABP) in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). And to evaluate the efficacy of combining intraoperative mitomycin C and TABP for endoscopic DCR.
METHODS: A total of 198 eyes of 148 patients who underwent endoscopic DCR for acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction were retrospectively analysed. The patients were randomly divided into three groups: Group A included patients treated without intraoperative mitomycin C but with TABP, Group B included patients treated without triamcinolone but with intraoperative mitomycin C and normal saline-impregnated nasal packing, and Group C included patients treated with intraoperative mitomycin C and TABP.
RESULTS: The results revealed no significant difference in the overall success rates between Groups A (86.8%) and B (89.2%; P=0.377). However, Group C (97.5%) showed a significantly higher overall success rate than Groups A and B. The incidence of granulomas was significantly lower in group C (5%) than in Groups A (20.8%) and B (15.2%; P=0.009). Other complications, such as crust, synechiae, and revision surgery, did not differ significantly among the three groups.
CONCLUSIONS: The combination of intraoperative mitomycin C and TABP effectively prevents granulomas and enhances surgical success rate. Additionally, there is no statistically significant difference observed between the use of mitomycin C or TABP alone.

Purpose: To investigate gel stent implantation with and without intraoperative sustained-release mitomycin C (MMC SR) in a rabbit model for gel stent implantation, and to examine aqueous humor outflow (AHO) postimplantation. Methods: Four groups of rabbits were included. Group 1 was untreated (control). Groups 2, 3, and 4 received the gel stent without MMC, with MMC solution (subconjunctival injection), and with MMC SR (subconjunctival injection), respectively. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and AHO were assessed via tonometry and indocyanine green-based angiography, respectively. The main efficacy measure was change in IOP from baseline. Results: Following gel stent implantation, Groups 2, 3, and 4 maintained ≥20% IOP reduction (response) for a median duration of 1 week, 6.5 weeks, and 30 weeks, respectively. Angiography showed normal aqueous humor drainage (Group 1) beginning at the perilimbal trabecular plexus and continuing posteriorly to episcleral outflow vessels. Following implantation, drainage occurred preferentially and directly into the subconjunctival bleb. Conclusions: Gel stent implantation with MMC SR was most effective in achieving sustained, long-term IOP reduction in the rabbit model, compared with implantation with or without MMC solution. Bleb presence and the postimplantation aqueous angiography results indicated redirection of the AHO to the subconjunctival vasculature and presumed lymphatics, suggesting efficient glaucoma filtration to lower IOP in this model. This rabbit model and aqueous angiography may help refine understanding of the mechanism of action of minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries and ultimately translate to improved surgical devices and procedures for patients with glaucoma.

Mitomycin C (MC) is an anti-cancer drug which functions by forming interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) between opposing DNA strands. MC analog, 10-decarbamoyl mitomycin C (DMC), unlike MC, has stronger cytotoxic effects on cancer cells with TP53 mutation. We previously demonstrated that MC/DMC could activate p21WAF1/CIP1 in MCF-7 (TP53-proficient) and K562 (TP53 deficient) cells in a TP53-independent mode. We also found that MC/DMC regulate AKT activation in a TP53-dependent manner and that AKT deactivation is not associated with the activation of p21WAF1/CIP1 in response to MC/DMC treatment. RAS proteins are known players in the upstream mediated signaling of p21WAF1/CIP1 activation that leads to control of cell proliferation and cell death. Thus, this prompted us to investigate the effect of both drugs on the expression of RAS proteins and regulation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathways in MCF-7 and K562 cancer cells. To accomplish this goal, we performed comparative label free proteomics profiling coupled to bioinformatics/complementary phosphoprotein arrays and Western blot validations of key signaling molecules. The MAPK/ERK pathway exhibited an overall downregulation upon MC/DMC treatment in MCF-7 cells but only DMC exhibited a mild downregulation of that same pathway in TP53 mutant K562 cells. Furthermore, treatment of MCF-7 and K562 cell lines with oligonucleotides containing the interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) formed by MC or DMC shows that both ICLs had a stronger effect on the downregulation of RAS protein expression in mutant TP53 K562 cells. We discuss the implication of this regulation of the MAPK/ERK pathway in relation to cellular TP53 status.

Background: The aim was to evaluate the long-term outcome and efficacy of primary trabeculectomy with adjunctive mitomycin c (MMC) for treating glaucoma. Methods: We examined the medical records of 286 eyes that underwent trabeculectomy between 2008 and 2009 at the University Eye Hospital in Freiburg, Germany. Preoperative and follow-up data were collected, including intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, surgical glaucoma interventions, and prescribed glaucoma medication. The first success criterion was defined as IOP ≤ 15 mmHg with no use of pressure-lowering medication by the patient, the second criterion was defined as the absence of surgical revision, and the third criterion as no further IOP-lowering surgery excluding early revisions following trabeculectomy. Statistical analyses comprised Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival estimations. Results: The mean follow-up duration was 1841 days (5 years). The mean preoperative IOP was 26.1 mmHg. Evaluating the success criteria at the time of average follow-up yielded a success rate of only 25% for the first criterion but 80% for both the second and third success criteria. Conclusions: The findings suggest that trabeculectomy with adjunctive MMC can be an effective procedure for permanently lowering IOP. However, surgical revisions and/or further glaucoma surgeries might still be needed. The long-term success rate is lower in comparison to previous research, which may be explained by the stricter success criteria in our study.