■在过去的几十年中,欧洲农业实践的强化极大地改变了农业生态系统。景观的简化,半自然栖息地的丧失和化学品在作物上的应用导致农业景观的生物多样性下降,引起人们对基本生态系统服务损失的重大担忧,如授粉或害虫防治。根据位置,规模和区域背景,定期调查不同的指示物种组(ISG),以评估农业生态系统中生物多样性变化的状态和趋势。尽管这些ISG的高度多样性允许评估不同的生物多样性方面(例如,营养水平,生物物理隔间,指示刻度),它使结果的解释变得复杂,从而使它们的实际应用变得复杂。此外,物种多样性指标多种多样,从简单的物种计数到更复杂的多样性指数测量,有时会有对抗反应。这里,为了满足这个复杂主题中对综合的迫切需要,我们遵循标准化的系统地图协议,以收集和总结报告主要农业管理实践(AMPs)在耕地作物中的影响的实地证据的文献,欧洲低地农业区一组ISG上的草原和生态基础设施。
■使用在线出版物数据库进行文献搜索,英文搜索引擎和专业网站。根据先前方案中公布的纳入/排除标准,筛选收集的出版物的相关性。我们提取并绘制了有关实验设计的信息,监测方法,研究了ISG和AMP,并在每个出版物中介绍了多样性措施。这些参数在可用的数据编码表中被结构化。
■搜索收集了20,162个参考文献,在全文资格筛选后,仍有1208个参考文献。研究的主要地区是西欧,从1984年到2022年,研究数量呈指数增长。大多数出版物都是实验和农场研究,这些研究在田间规模上评估了AMP的影响。主要研究的AMP是施肥,放牧,有机农业,耕作,割草和除草剂的应用。大多数用来研究其影响的ISG是植物区系,海盗,蜘蛛,鸟,蜜蜂和环节动物,经常与其他ISG结合使用。研究了AMP和ISG之间的组合以及监测方法。最常用的多样性指标是丰度,物种丰富度,香农指数,均匀度,和社区组成。
■我们确定了几个知识集群:(1)有机农业,受精,耕作,放牧和割草对各种ISG的影响,(2)植物区系对农业实践的反应,(3)环节动物对影响土壤结构的农艺干预措施的反应(例如,耕作,受精,作物轮作,作物残留物管理),(4)蝴蝶和直翅目动物对草原割草和放牧效应的反应,(5)使用鸟类监测对评估AES在景观尺度上实施的效率的影响。我们强调,应该对迄今为止关于农业实践研究不足的ISG进行进一步研究,比如两栖动物,爬行动物,腹足类,千足虫和cent。更多的实地证据表明,间作等多样化做法的影响,undersowing,中间种植,和农林业需要就它们对生物多样性的好处得出结论。
■在线版本包含补充材料,可在10.1186/s13750-024-00347-0获得。
UNASSIGNED: The intensification of the agricultural practices in Europe over the last decades has drastically transformed the agroecosystems. The simplification of the landscape, the loss of semi-natural habitats and the application of chemicals on crops led to biodiversity decline in agricultural landscapes, raising substantial concerns about the loss of essential ecosystem services, such as pollination or pest control. Depending on the location, the scale and the regional context, different indicator species groups (ISGs) are regularly surveyed to assess the state and trend of biodiversity changes in agroecosystems. Although the high diversity of these ISGs allows assessing different biodiversity aspects (e.g., trophic levels, bio-physical compartments, scale of indication), it complicates the interpretation of the results and thus their practical application. In addition, species diversity metrics are various, from simple species counts to more complex measurements of diversity indices, sometimes with antagonistic responses. Here, to meet the pressing need for synthesis in this complex topic, we follow a standardized systematic map protocol to collect and summarize the literature reporting field evidence of the effects of the main agricultural management practices (AMPs) in arable crops, grasslands and ecological infrastructures on a set of ISGs in European lowland farming areas.
UNASSIGNED: Searches of literature were made using online publication databases, search engine and specialist websites in English. Gathered publications were screened for relevance following inclusion/exclusion criteria published in a prior protocol. We extracted and mapped information about experimental design, monitoring methods, ISGs and AMPs studied and the diversity measures presented in each included publication. These parameters are structured in available data coding sheets.
UNASSIGNED: The search gathered 20,162 references from which 1208 remained after full text eligibility screening. Main areas studied are in Western Europe, and the number of studies increased exponentially from 1984 to 2022. Most publications are experimental and on-farm studies which assess AMPs effects at the field scale. Main studied AMPs are
fertilization, grazing, organic farming, tillage, mowing and herbicide application. Most ISGs used to study their impacts are flora, carabids, spiders, birds, bees and annelids, often combined with other ISGs. The combinations between AMPs and ISGs studied are detailed as well as monitoring methods. The most used diversity measures are abundance, species richness, Shannon index, evenness, and community composition.
UNASSIGNED: We identified several knowledge clusters: (1) organic farming,
fertilization, tillage, grazing and mowing impact on a wide range of ISGs, (2) flora response to agricultural practices, (3) annelids response to agronomic interventions that impact soil structure (e.g., tillage,
fertilization, crop rotation, crop residue management), (4) butterflies and orthopterans response to mowing and grazing effects in grasslands, (5) the use of bird monitoring for the impact for assessing the efficiency of AES implementation at the landscape scale. We highlight that further research should be conducted on ISGs that are until now poorly studied regarding agricultural practices, such as amphibians, reptiles, gastropods, millipedes and centipedes. More field evidence of the effects of diversification practices such as intercropping, undersowing, intermediate cropping, and agroforestry are needed to draw conclusions on their benefits on biodiversity.
UNASSIGNED: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13750-024-00347-0.