牦牛生活在青藏高原恶劣的环境中,寒冷的气候导致较低的增长效率。本试验旨在研究饮用温水对牦牛小牛生长性能的影响,并探讨其生理机制。选取大同牦牛24只,随机分为冷水组(C组,水温在0-10°C左右,不加热;58.03±3.111kg)和温水组(W组,在2°C下持续加热的水;59.62±2.771kg)。在60天的实验之后,测量体重,收集瘤胃液和血清样品进行分析。结果表明,喝温水的牦牛的体重和平均日增重高于喝冷水的牦牛(p<0.05)。醋酸,丙酸,异丁酸,valeric,W组和异戊酸浓度高于C组(p<0.05)。此外,温水在不同程度上改变了瘤胃微生物。在门一级,Tenericutes的相对丰度,Kiritimatiellaeota,C组微生物区系高于C组(p<0.05)。在属一级,三个属被温水增加,包括Ruminococcoides和Eubacteriales家族XIII。IncertaeSedis,减少了12属,包括Ruminococus(p<0.05)。在物种层面,与冷水相比,温水增加了未分类的Prevotellaceae和Ruminococcoidesbili(p<0.05)。根据代谢组学的结果,代谢物,包括缬氨酸,异亮氨酸,PC(15:0/22:2(13Z,16Z)),和LysoPC(18:0/0:0),与冷水组相比,温水组增加(p<0.05),富含甘油磷脂和氨基酸代谢途径。这项研究分析了在不同温度下提供水的牦牛小牛瘤胃微生物和代谢产物的差异,并揭示了温暖饮用水促进更好的性能的潜在机制。
Yaks live in the harsh environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the cold climate causes lower growth efficiency. The aim of this experiment was to explore the effects of drinking warm water on the growth performance in yak calves and investigate the underlying physiological mechanisms. A total of 24 Datong yak calves were selected and randomly assigned into the cold water group (group C, water temperature around 0-10 °C without any heating; 58.03 ± 3.111 kg) and the warm water group (group W, water constantly heated at 2 °C; 59.62 ± 2.771 kg). After the 60-day experiment, body weight was measured, and rumen fluid and blood serum samples were collected for analysis. The results show that the body weight and average daily gain of yaks that drank warm water were higher compared to those that drank cold water (p < 0.05). The acetic, propionic, isobutyric, valeric, and isovaleric acid concentrations were higher in group W than in group C (p < 0.05). Additionally, warm water changed the ruminal microbes at different levels. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Tenericutes, Kiritimatiellaeota, and Elusimicrobiota was higher in group C (p < 0.05). At the genus level, three genera were increased by warm water, including Ruminococcoides and Eubacteriales Family XIII. Incertae Sedis, and 12 genera were decreased, including Ruminococcus (p < 0.05). At the species level, unclassified Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcoides bili were increased by warm water compared to cold water (p < 0.05). According to the metabolomics results, metabolites, including valine, isoleucine, PC (15:0/22:2(13Z,16Z)), and LysoPC (18:0/0:0), were increased in the warm water group compared to the cold water group (p < 0.05), and were enriched in glycerophospholipid and amino acid metabolism pathways. This study analyzed the differences in ruminal microbes and metabolomes of yak calves provided with water at different temperatures and revealed the potential mechanism for better performance promoted by warm drinking water.