金黄色葡萄球菌是葡萄球菌属中毒性最强的病原体之一。这种特征是由于其能够产生各种各样的葡萄球菌肠毒素(SE)和外毒素,这反过来会导致葡萄球菌食物中毒(SFP),临床综合征,如皮肤感染,炎症,肺炎,和败血症,除了与奶牛乳腺炎症的发展有关,导致慢性乳腺炎和细胞坏死。SE是结合了超抗原和呕吐活性的小球状蛋白质;它们耐热,低温,和蛋白水解酶,并且对宽pH范围具有耐受性。已经很好地描述了超过24个SE基因(SEA-SEE,SEG,SEH,SEI,SEJ,塞尔克,塞尔,塞姆,赛恩,赛罗,SELP,SElQ,塞尔,塞尔斯,SELT,SELU,塞夫,赛尔W,赛尔克斯,塞利,和SELZ),作为不同SFP爆发的一部分,临床病例,和分离的动物菌株。近年来,已经描述了来自SE的新基因(sel26、sel27、sel28、sel31、sel32和sel33),以及两个变体(seh-2p和ses-3p),导致来自Ses的总共33个基因,包括仍在遗传和分子结构评估过程中的九种变体。SE由位于可移动遗传元件中的基因编码,如质粒,预言,致病性岛,和肠毒素基因簇(egc),并安置在金黄色葡萄球菌的基因组岛上。经典SE和SE样毒素(SEl)都有系统进化关系,结构,函数,和序列同源性,这是通过重组过程生产新SE的特征。由于SE的流行病学重要性,它们的快速评估和检测对粮食安全和公共卫生至关重要;因此,已经开发了不同的SEs识别方法,如液相色谱与高分辨率质谱联用(LC-HRMS),分子方法,和全基因组测序;提供SE的诊断和更好地理解的发生,传播,根除SES。这篇综述提供了关于金黄色葡萄球菌产生的肠毒素的科学信息,如结构特征,遗传组织,监管机制,超抗原活性,SE在与免疫系统相互作用时使用的作用机制,SEs的检测方法,以及最近在食品中使用的生物控制技术。
Staphylococcus aureus stands out as one of the most virulent pathogens in the genus Staphylococcus. This characteristic is due to its ability to produce a wide variety of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and exotoxins, which in turn can cause staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), clinical syndromes such as skin infections, inflammation, pneumonia, and sepsis, in addition to being associated with the development of inflammation in the mammary glands of dairy cattle, which results in chronic mastitis and cell necrosis. SEs are small globular proteins that combine superantigenic and emetic activities; they are resistant to heat, low temperatures, and proteolytic enzymes and are tolerant to a wide pH range. More than 24 SE genes have been well described (SEA-SEE, SEG, SEH, SEI, SEJ, SElK, SElL, SElM, SElN, SElO, SElP, SElQ, SElR, SElS, SElT, SElU, SElV, SElW, SElX, SElY, and SElZ), being a part of different SFP outbreaks, clinical cases, and isolated animal strains. In recent years, new genes (sel26, sel27, sel28, sel31, sel32, and sel33) from SEs have been described, as well as two variants (seh-2p and ses-3p) resulting in a total of thirty-three genes from Ses, including the nine variants that are still in the process of genetic and molecular structure evaluation. SEs are encoded by genes that are located in mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, prophages, pathogenicity islands, and the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc), and housed in the genomic island of S. aureus. Both classical SEs and SE-like toxins (SEls) share phylogenetic relationships, structure, function, and sequence homology, which are characteristics for the production of new SEs through recombination processes. Due to the epidemiological importance of SEs, their rapid assessment and detection have been crucial for food security and public health; for this reason, different methods of identification of SEs have been developed, such as liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), molecular methods, and whole-genome sequencing; providing the diagnosis of SEs and a better understanding of the occurrence, spread, and eradication of SEs. This review provides scientific information on the enterotoxins produced by S. aureus, such as structural characteristics, genetic organization, regulatory mechanisms, superantigen activity, mechanisms of action used by SEs at the time of interaction with the immune system, methods of detection of SEs, and recent biocontrol techniques used in food.