背景:对于运动员来说,由于在重大比赛中的压力,他们的表现出现了故障,这一直是一个问题。注意模式的改变和负性情感(NA)引起的应激反应(SR)的出现是对运动员成绩影响较大的直接原因。探讨如何改善运动员在紧张环境下的注意力偏差(AB)和SR是一个热门话题。
目的:本研究旨在分析视觉搜索任务(VST)训练对压力情况下运动员AB和SR的改善效果。
方法:将沈阳体育学院62名国家2级以上男子篮球运动员分为实验组(EG)和对照组(CG)。在EG中使用了视觉搜索任务训练程序(快乐,悲伤,恶心,中性面孔)和假训练计划用于CG(所有具有中性表情的面孔)两个月。在压力的情况下,对所有受试者训练前后的注意力行为进行了测试。采用生理一致性和自主平衡系统同步记录心率变异性。并行频域分析被划分为极低频带(VLF),低频(LF),高频(HF)和总频谱(TP)。归一化处理获得的指标如HFnorm,LFnorm,LF/HF。采取e-prime2.0软件获得注意力偏向得分。训练前后采用积极和消极情感量表(PANAS)和压力自评量表进行评估。
结果:两组自评压力均低于训练前,试验组压力低于对照组(P<0.05)。培训后,实验组的积极情绪高于对照组,EG低于CG(P<0.05)。培训后,EG中快乐和中性面孔的注意力偏向得分高于CG,悲伤和厌恶面孔的注意偏向得分低于CG(P<0.05)。培训后,EG的LF/HF和LFnorm低于CG,HFnorm高于CG(P<0.05)。
结论:视觉搜索任务训练能有效提高运动员PA和AB的阳性信息,减少负面信息和心理压力的关注偏差,解除SR。
BACKGROUND: it has always been a problem for athletes that their performance is out of order due to pressure in major competitions. The change of attention pattern and the emergence of stress response (
SR) caused by negative affect (NA) are the direct reasons for the greater impact on the performance of athletes. It is a hot topic to explore how to improve attention bias (AB) and
SR of athletes in stressful situations.
OBJECTIVE: the study aimed to analyze the improvement effect of visual search task (VST) training on AB and
SR of athletes under pressure situations.
METHODS: 62 male basketball players with national level 2 or above of Shenyang sports institute were divided into experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). Visual search task training program was used in the EG (happy, sad, disgusted, neutral faces) and sham training program was used in the CG (all faces with neutral expression) for two months. Under the stress situation, attention behavior of all subjects before and after training was tested. Physiological coherence and autonomic balance system were used to record heart rate variability synchronously. Parallel frequency domain analysis was divided into very low frequency band (VLF), low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and total spectrum (TP). The normalized treatment obtained indexes such as HFnorm, LFnorm, and LF/HF. The e-prime 2.0 software was adopted to obtain the attention bias score. The Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and the self-rating stress scale were adopted for evaluation before and after training.
RESULTS: the self-rating pressure in the two groups was lower than that before the training, and the pressure in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). After training, the positive emotion of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group, and the EG was lower than that of the CG (P < 0.05). After training, the score of attention bias of happy and neutral faces in the EG was higher than that of theCG, while the score of attention bias of sad and disgusted faces was lower than that of the CG (P < 0.05). After training, LF/HF and LFnorm in the EG were lower than those in the CG, and HFnorm was higher than those in the CG (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: the training of visual search task can effectively improve the athletes\' PA and AB of positive information, reduce the attention bias of negative information and psychological pressure, and relieve theSR.