Automatic detection of pulmonary nodule based on computer tomography (CT) images can significantly improve the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. However, there is a lack of effective interactive tools to record the marked results of radiologists in real time and feed them back to the algorithm model for iterative optimization. This paper designed and developed an online interactive review system supporting the assisted diagnosis of lung nodules in CT images. Lung nodules were detected by the preset model and presented to doctors, who marked or corrected the lung nodules detected by the system with their professional knowledge, and then iteratively optimized the AI model with active learning strategy according to the marked results of radiologists to continuously improve the accuracy of the model. The subset 5-9 dataset of the lung nodule analysis 2016(LUNA16) was used for iteration experiments. The precision, F1-score and MioU indexes were steadily improved with the increase of the number of iterations, and the precision increased from 0.213 9 to 0.565 6. The results in this paper show that the system not only uses deep segmentation model to assist radiologists, but also optimizes the model by using radiologists\' feedback information to the maximum extent, iteratively improving the accuracy of the model and better assisting radiologists.
基于电子计算机断层扫描（CT）影像的肺结节自动检测可以有效辅助肺癌诊治，但当前缺乏有效的交互工具将放射科医生的判读结果实时记录并反馈，以优化后台算法模型。本文设计并研发了一个支持CT图像肺结节辅助诊断的在线交互审查系统，通过预置模型检测出肺结节展示给医生，医生利用专业知识对检测的肺结节进行标注，然后根据标注结果采用主动学习策略对内置模型进行迭代优化，以持续提高模型的准确性。本文以开源肺结节数据集——肺结节分析2016（LUNA16）的5～9号子集进行迭代实验，随着迭代次数的增加，模型的准确率、调和分数和交并比指标稳定提升，准确率从0.213 9提高至0.565 6。本文研究结果表明，该系统能在使用深度分割模型辅助医生诊断的同时，最大程度地利用医生的反馈信息来优化模型，迭代提高模型的准确性，从而更好地辅助医生工作。.

BACKGROUND: To assess the improvement of image quality and diagnostic acceptance of thinner slice iodine maps enabled by deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) in abdominal dual-energy CT (DECT).
METHODS: This study prospectively included 104 participants with 136 lesions. Four series of iodine maps were generated based on portal-venous scans of contrast-enhanced abdominal DECT: 5-mm and 1.25-mm using adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-V (Asir-V) with 50% blending (AV-50), and 1.25-mm using DLIR with medium (DLIR-M), and high strength (DLIR-H). The iodine concentrations (IC) and their standard deviations of nine anatomical sites were measured, and the corresponding coefficient of variations (CV) were calculated. Noise-power-spectrum (NPS) and edge-rise-slope (ERS) were measured. Five radiologists rated image quality in terms of image noise, contrast, sharpness, texture, and small structure visibility, and evaluated overall diagnostic acceptability of images and lesion conspicuity.
RESULTS: The four reconstructions maintained the IC values unchanged in nine anatomical sites (all p > 0.999). Compared to 1.25-mm AV-50, 1.25-mm DLIR-M and DLIR-H significantly reduced CV values (all p < 0.001) and presented lower noise and noise peak (both p < 0.001). Compared to 5-mm AV-50, 1.25-mm images had higher ERS (all p < 0.001). The difference of the peak and average spatial frequency among the four reconstructions was relatively small but statistically significant (both p < 0.001). The 1.25-mm DLIR-M images were rated higher than the 5-mm and 1.25-mm AV-50 images for diagnostic acceptability and lesion conspicuity (all P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: DLIR may facilitate the thinner slice thickness iodine maps in abdominal DECT for improvement of image quality, diagnostic acceptability, and lesion conspicuity.

Deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) algorithms employ convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for CT image reconstruction to produce CT images with a very low noise level, even at a low radiation dose. The aim of this study was to assess whether the DLIR algorithm reduces the CT effective dose (ED) and improves CT image quality in comparison with filtered back projection (FBP) and iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. We identified all consecutive patients referred to the ICU of a single hospital who underwent at least two consecutive chest and/or abdominal contrast-enhanced CT scans within a time period of 30 days using DLIR and subsequently the FBP or IR algorithm (Advanced Modeled Iterative Reconstruction [ADMIRE] model-based algorithm or Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction 3D [AIDR 3D] hybrid algorithm) for CT image reconstruction. The radiation ED, noise level, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were compared between the different CT scanners. The non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used for statistical comparison. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. A total of 83 patients (mean age, 59 ± 15 years [standard deviation]; 56 men) were included. DLIR vs. FBP reduced the ED (18.45 ± 13.16 mSv vs. 22.06 ± 9.55 mSv, p < 0.05), while DLIR vs. FBP and vs. ADMIRE and AIDR 3D IR algorithms reduced image noise (8.45 ± 3.24 vs. 14.85 ± 2.73 vs. 14.77 ± 32.77 and 11.17 ± 32.77, p < 0.05) and increased the SNR (11.53 ± 9.28 vs. 3.99 ± 1.23 vs. 5.84 ± 2.74 and 3.58 ± 2.74, p < 0.05). CT scanners employing DLIR improved the SNR compared to CT scanners using FBP or IR algorithms in ICU patients despite maintaining a reduced ED.

Computer-aided diagnosis systems play a crucial role in the diagnosis and early detection of breast cancer. However, most current methods focus primarily on the dual-view analysis of a single breast, thereby neglecting the potentially valuable information between bilateral mammograms. In this paper, we propose a Four-View Correlation and Contrastive Joint Learning Network (FV-Net) for the classification of bilateral mammogram images. Specifically, FV-Net focuses on extracting and matching features across the four views of bilateral mammograms while maximizing both their similarities and dissimilarities. Through the Cross-Mammogram Dual-Pathway Attention Module, feature matching between bilateral mammogram views is achieved, capturing the consistency and complementary features across mammograms and effectively reducing feature misalignment. In the reconstituted feature maps derived from bilateral mammograms, the Bilateral-Mammogram Contrastive Joint Learning module performs associative contrastive learning on positive and negative sample pairs within each local region. This aims to maximize the correlation between similar local features and enhance the differentiation between dissimilar features across the bilateral mammogram representations. Our experimental results on a test set comprising 20% of the combined Mini-DDSM and Vindr-mamo datasets, as well as on the INbreast dataset, show that our model exhibits superior performance in breast cancer classification compared to competing methods.

OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary cavity lesion is one of the commonly seen lesions in lung caused by a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Diagnosis of a cavity lesion is commonly based on accurate recognition of the typical morphological characteristics. A deep learning-based model to automatically detect, segment, and quantify the region of cavity lesion on CT scans has potential in clinical diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment efficacy assessment.
METHODS: A weakly-supervised deep learning-based method named CSA2-ResNet was proposed to quantitatively characterize cavity lesions in this paper. The lung parenchyma was firstly segmented using a pretrained 2D segmentation model, and then the output with or without cavity lesions was fed into the developed deep neural network containing hybrid attention modules. Next, the visualized lesion was generated from the activation region of the classification network using gradient-weighted class activation mapping, and image processing was applied for post-processing to obtain the expected segmentation results of cavity lesions. Finally, the automatic characteristic measurement of cavity lesions (e.g., area and thickness) was developed and verified.
RESULTS: the proposed weakly-supervised segmentation method achieved an accuracy, precision, specificity, recall, and F1-score of 98.48%, 96.80%, 97.20%, 100%, and 98.36%, respectively. There is a significant improvement (P < 0.05) compared to other methods. Quantitative characterization of morphology also obtained good analysis effects.
CONCLUSIONS: The proposed easily-trained and high-performance deep learning model provides a fast and effective way for the diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of pulmonary cavity lesions in clinic. Clinical and Translational Impact Statement: This model used artificial intelligence to achieve the detection and quantitative analysis of pulmonary cavity lesions in CT scans. The morphological features revealed in experiments can be utilized as potential indicators for diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of patients with cavity lesions.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal CT scans are vital for diagnosing abdominal diseases but have limitations in tissue analysis and soft tissue detection. Dual-energy CT (DECT) can improve these issues by offering low keV virtual monoenergetic images (VMI), enhancing lesion detection and tissue characterization. However, its cost limits widespread use.
OBJECTIVE: To develop a model that converts conventional images (CI) into generative virtual monoenergetic images at 40 keV (Gen-VMI40keV) of the upper abdomen CT scan.
METHODS: Totally 444 patients who underwent upper abdominal spectral contrast-enhanced CT were enrolled and assigned to the training and validation datasets (7:3). Then, 40-keV portal-vein virtual monoenergetic (VMI40keV) and CI, generated from spectral CT scans, served as target and source images. These images were employed to build and train a CI-VMI40keV model. Indexes such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Structural Similarity (SSIM) were utilized to determine the best generator mode. An additional 198 cases were divided into three test groups, including Group 1 (58 cases with visible abnormalities), Group 2 (40 cases with hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]) and Group 3 (100 cases from a publicly available HCC dataset). Both subjective and objective evaluations were performed. Comparisons, correlation analyses and Bland-Altman plot analyses were performed.
RESULTS: The 192nd iteration produced the best generator mode (lower MAE and highest PSNR and SSIM). In the Test groups (1 and 2), both VMI40keV and Gen-VMI40keV significantly improved CT values, as well as SNR and CNR, for all organs compared to CI. Significant positive correlations for objective indexes were found between Gen-VMI40keV and VMI40keV in various organs and lesions. Bland-Altman analysis showed that the differences between both imaging types mostly fell within the 95% confidence interval. Pearson\'s and Spearman\'s correlation coefficients for objective scores between Gen-VMI40keV and VMI40keV in Groups 1 and 2 ranged from 0.645 to 0.980. In Group 3, Gen-VMI40keV yielded significantly higher CT values for HCC (220.5HU vs. 109.1HU) and liver (220.0HU vs. 112.8HU) compared to CI (p < 0.01). The CNR for HCC/liver was also significantly higher in Gen-VMI40keV (2.0 vs. 1.2) than in CI (p < 0.01). Additionally, Gen-VMI40keV was subjectively evaluated to have a higher image quality compared to CI.
CONCLUSIONS: CI-VMI40keV model can generate Gen-VMI40keV from conventional CT scan, closely resembling VMI40keV.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a common chronic metabolic disease. The progression of the disease promotes vascular inflammation and the formation of atherosclerosis, leading to cardiovascular disease. The coronary artery perivascular adipose tissue attenuation index based on CCTA is a new noninvasive imaging biomarker that reflects the spatial changes in perivascular adipose tissue attenuation in CCTA images and the inflammation around the coronary arteries. In this study, a radiomics approach is proposed to extract a large number of image features from CCTA in a high-throughput manner and combined with clinical diagnostic data to explore the predictive ability of vascular perivascular adipose imaging data based on CCTA for coronary heart disease in diabetic patients.
METHODS: R language was used for statistical analysis to screen the variables with significant differences. A presegmentation model was used for CCTA vessel segmentation, and the pericoronary adipose region was screened out. PyRadiomics was used to calculate the radiomics features of pericoronary adipose tissue, and SVM, DT and RF were used to model and analyze the clinical data and radiomics data. Model performance was evaluated using indicators such as PPV, FPR, AAC, and ROC.
RESULTS: The results indicate that there are significant differences in age, blood pressure, and some biochemical indicators between diabetes patients with and without coronary heart disease. Among 1037 calculated radiomic parameters, 18.3% showed significant differences in imaging omics features. Three modeling methods were used to analyze different combinations of clinical information, internal vascular radiomics information and pericoronary vascular fat radiomics information. The results showed that the dataset of full data had the highest ACC values under different machine learning models. The support vector machine method showed the best specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy for this dataset.
CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the clinical data and pericoronary radiomics data of CCTA were fused to predict the occurrence of coronary heart disease in diabetic patients. This provides information for the early detection of coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes and allows for timely intervention and treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the consistency between doctors and artificial intelligence (AI) software in analysing and diagnosing pulmonary nodules, and assess whether the characteristics of pulmonary nodules derived from the two methods are consistent for the interpretation of carcinomatous nodules.
METHODS: This retrospective study analysed participants aged 40-74 in the local area from 2011 to 2013. Pulmonary nodules were examined radiologically using a low-dose chest CT scan, evaluated by an expert panel of doctors in radiology, oncology, and thoracic departments, as well as a computer-aided diagnostic(CAD) system based on the three-dimensional(3D) convolutional neural network (CNN) with DenseNet architecture(InferRead CT Lung, IRCL). Consistency tests were employed to assess the uniformity of the radiological characteristics of the pulmonary nodules. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy. Logistic regression analysis is utilized to determine whether the two methods yield the same predictive factors for cancerous nodules.
RESULTS: A total of 570 subjects were included in this retrospective study. The AI software demonstrated high consistency with the panel\'s evaluation in determining the position and diameter of the pulmonary nodules (kappa = 0.883, concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.809, p = 0.000). The comparison of the solid nodules\' attenuation characteristics also showed acceptable consistency (kappa = 0.503). In patients diagnosed with lung cancer, the area under the curve (AUC) for the panel and AI were 0.873 (95%CI: 0.829-0.909) and 0.921 (95%CI: 0.884-0.949), respectively. However, there was no significant difference (p = 0.0950). The maximum diameter, solid nodules, subsolid nodules were the crucial factors for interpreting carcinomatous nodules in the analysis of expert panel and IRCL pulmonary nodule characteristics.
CONCLUSIONS: AI software can assist doctors in diagnosing nodules and is consistent with doctors\' evaluations and diagnosis of pulmonary nodules.

UNASSIGNED: To develop a novel method for calculating small airway resistance using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based on CT data and evaluate its value to identify COPD.
UNASSIGNED: 24 subjects who underwent chest CT scans and pulmonary function tests between August 2020 and December 2020 were enrolled retrospectively. Subjects were divided into three groups: normal (10), high-risk (6), and COPD (8). The airway from the trachea down to the sixth generation of bronchioles was reconstructed by a 3D slicer. The small airway resistance (RSA) and RSA as a percentage of total airway resistance (RSA%) were calculated by CFD combined with airway resistance and FEV1 measured by pulmonary function test. A correlation analysis was conducted between RSA and pulmonary function parameters, including FEV1/FVC, FEV1% predicted, MEF50% predicted, MEF75% predicted and MMEF75/25% predicted.
UNASSIGNED: The RSA and RSA% were significantly different among the three groups (p<0.05) and related to FEV1/FVC (r = -0.70, p < 0.001; r = -0.67, p < 0.001), FEV1% predicted (r = -0.60, p = 0.002; r = -0.57, p = 0.004), MEF50% predicted (r = -0.64, p = 0.001; r = -0.64, p = 0.001), MEF75% predicted (r = -0.71, p < 0.001; r = -0.60, p = 0.002) and MMEF 75/25% predicted (r = -0.64, p = 0.001; r = -0.64, p = 0.001).
UNASSIGNED: Airway CFD is a valuable method for estimating the small airway resistance, where the derived RSA will aid in the early diagnosis of COPD.

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) has emerged as a pivotal tool for diagnosing and risk-stratifying patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). Recent advancements in image analysis and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have enabled the comprehensive quantitative analysis of coronary atherosclerosis. Fully quantitative assessments of coronary stenosis and lumen attenuation have improved the accuracy of assessing stenosis severity and predicting hemodynamically significant lesions. In addition to stenosis evaluation, quantitative plaque analysis plays a crucial role in predicting and monitoring CAD progression. Studies have demonstrated that the quantitative assessment of plaque subtypes based on CT attenuation provides a nuanced understanding of plaque characteristics and their association with cardiovascular events. Quantitative analysis of serial CCTA scans offers a unique perspective on the impact of medical therapies on plaque modification. However, challenges such as time-intensive analyses and variability in software platforms still need to be addressed for broader clinical implementation. The paradigm of CCTA has shifted towards comprehensive quantitative plaque analysis facilitated by technological advancements. As these methods continue to evolve, their integration into routine clinical practice has the potential to enhance risk assessment and guide individualized patient management. This article reviews the evolving landscape of quantitative plaque analysis in CCTA and explores its applications and limitations.