Ovarian cancer, although not among the most commonly diagnosed cancers, remains a significant cause of cancer-related mortality in females. Several paraneoplastic syndromes have been associated, and this case study represents a rare manifestation of ovarian cancer, presenting as non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH), characterized by the excessive production of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) by tumor cells. We report a 55-year-old woman who presented to our hospital with abdominal distension and severe refractory hypoglycemia. The laboratory data revealed the suppression of serum insulin and C-peptide levels. The insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) ratio was >32. The hypoglycemia was hence attributed to the non-islet cell tumor type, and it is likely driven by tumoral secretion of incompletely processed IGF-II. The lab findings suggested the existence of NICTH. Abdominal computed tomography demonstrated the presence of a left ovarian mass and peritoneal carcinomatosis. CT-guided biopsy of the peritoneal lesions showed poorly differentiated malignancy consistent with ovarian carcinosarcoma (OCS). The patient was treated with a continuous infusion of glucose. She even received oral prednisone and glucagon infusion. Chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel was initiated, but unfortunately, she died from complications of multiorgan failure. To our knowledge, this is the first novel case of an initial presentation of metastatic OCS with NICTH, underscoring the complexity of ovarian cancer presentations and the necessity of a comprehensive approach in managing rare paraneoplastic syndromes, such as NICTH.

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is a rare gastrointestinal tumor with a reported incidence of 1 in 100,000 in the United States. GBC may present with subtle signs and symptoms that can be missed on routine examination and/or confused with other conditions. Unfortunately, its subtle presentation frequently leads to late diagnosis and, thus, a poor prognosis. Several paraneoplastic syndromes have been associated with GBC. Despite their strong associations with neoplastic disease, the precise pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the development of these syndromes remain poorly understood. Given the vague nature of their initial signs and symptoms, these syndromes are frequently diagnosed as independent entities and only later associated with occult malignancies that may have already metastasized to other organs. Physicians need to be aware of the signs and symptoms of these paraneoplastic syndromes and include an underlying malignancy as part of the differential diagnosis. This review provides a detailed discussion of the paraneoplastic syndromes associated with GBC.

Trousseau syndrome, also known as thrombophlebitis migrans or migratory superficial thrombophlebitis, is a rare but significant paraneoplastic manifestation associated with various cancers. This syndrome is characterized by the occurrence of recurrent deep or superficial venous thrombosis in patients with malignancies. Patients with cancer have a greatly increased risk of venous thrombosis, especially in the first few months after diagnosis and in the presence of distant metastases. This article describes the case of a 72-year-old female patient who suffered a deep vein thrombosis in the right lower limb, which led to Trousseau syndrome secondary to non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Doege-Potter syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic phenomenon associated with solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura (SFTPs). It is characterized by the presence of severe, sustained, and treatment-refractory hypoglycemia. Hypoglycaemia, which may be the sole symptom at disease onset, is mediated by the secretion of high-molecular-weight insulin-like growth factor (IGF-2). Most tumors exhibit benign behavior, with a 100% survival rate at 5 years. However, 10% of these tumors may display aggressive behavior with local or metastatic recurrence. We present a clinical case of a patient with a benign solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura who presented with symptomatic hypoglycemia and required pulmonary and pleural surgical resection to control the paraneoplastic phenomenon.
METHODS: A Hispanic 46-year-old man presented with a 15-day history of transient alterations in consciousness worsened by fasting. The relevant medical history included obstructive sleep apnea treated with continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) and previous smoking. In-hospital studies revealed noninsulinemic hypoglycemia and a benign SFTP. Complete surgical resection was performed while the patient received dextrose fluids and corticosteroids perioperatively for hypoglycemia. Subsequently, the hypoglycemia resolved, and the patient was followed-up without disease recurrence.
CONCLUSIONS: Doege-Potter syndrome is challenging to recognize. However, effective treatment can be achieved with a high survival rate. Raising awareness among healthcare professionals about the recognition of this paraneoplasic syndrome patients will improve diagnostic suspicion, biochemical confirmation, the development of diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines, and the creation of predictive indices for aggressive presentations requiring closer monitoring.

Posttransplant malignancies are an important complication of solid organ transplantation. Kidney transplant recipients are at particularly high risk of cancer development. The most relevant risk factors of carcinogenesis are the use of immunosuppressive agents and oncogenic viral infections. Additionally, immune dysregulation caused by these factors may predispose to various types of organ damage. Paraneoplastic glomerular diseases are one of the most interesting and understudied cancer manifestations. The appropriate diagnosis of paraneoplastic glomerular damage can be challenging in kidney transplant recipients, due to factors inherent to concomitant medication and common comorbidities. Recent advances in the field of molecular and clinical nephrology led to a significant improvement in our understanding of glomerular diseases and their more targeted treatment. On the other hand, introduction of novel anticancer drugs tremendously increased patients\' survival, at the cost of kidney-related side effects. Our review aims to provide insights into diagnosis and treatment of paraneoplastic glomerular diseases, with a special attention to kidney transplant recipients.

Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by chronic and progressive axial muscle rigidity and paroxysmal painful muscle spasms. The present case study described an SPS patient (increased anti-GAD65 antibody in serum and cerebrospinal fluid) with co-occurring Hashimoto\'s thyroiditis and decreased C3 complement levels. The clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and treatment employed for this unique case were comprehensively described in detail. In this case, we comprehensively presented a case of SPS with co-occurring Hashimoto\'s thyroiditis and an associated decrease in serum C3 complement, as well as a discussion on the current data on this topic.

Small cell carcinoma of the bladder is an extremely rare and aggressive disease with poor overall survival, as it is often diagnosed in later stages. Similarly, paraneoplastic thrombocytopenia is also a rare phenomenon infrequently described in the literature. Given its rarity but responsiveness to chemotherapy, awareness of atypical presentations helps facilitate appropriate treatment. A 76-year-old gentleman was admitted to an Australian regional hospital from a small remote hospital with complaints of five months of anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, and new-onset pleuritic chest pain with a past medical history of prostatomegaly and a distant history of localised seminoma treated with surgical resection and radiotherapy alone. Physical examination revealed new rapid atrial fibrillation and mild hypoxia alongside right upper quadrant tenderness and fullness. The patient underwent pleural drainage, cytology, and computed tomography, was subsequently diagnosed with small cell carcinoma of the bladder, and rapidly developed isolated thrombocytopenia that improved with inpatient chemotherapy with carboplatin/etoposide. He was eventually discharged home after a lengthy admission. On follow-up, he had cycle 2 of treatment as an outpatient before undergoing palliative treatment at the patient\'s small remote hospital. This highlights the importance of both prompt recognition and treatment of rapidly growing small cell carcinomas when they first present atypically with uncharacteristic paraneoplastic syndromes to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Anterior mediastinal masses, including thymomas, can present with thoracic symptoms or paraneoplastic syndromes, especially in adults over 40. Diagnosis involves imaging and biopsy, and treatment includes surgical resection and chemotherapy, depending on the stage. A 31-year-old male, with a history of alcohol use disorder and a former smoker, presented with increasing heartburn, shortness of breath, left shoulder pain, and chest pain. Imaging revealed an anterior mediastinal mass with pleural thickening and a small effusion. A biopsy confirmed a B2-type thymoma. Initial treatment included cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin, resulting in significant tumor reduction and pleural effusion resolution. The patient underwent planned surgical resection following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This case highlights the complexity of advanced thymoma treatment and the effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in reducing tumor burden, the associated effusions, and improving outcomes. Continuous follow-up and further studies are essential to optimize treatment protocols for advanced thymoma.

Various conditions under the umbrella term of vasculitis have been well documented in the literature. These have been classified into small, medium, and large vessel vasculitis. In addition, vasculitis has been categorized into radiation-induced, systemic, and paraneoplastic. Of these, paraneoplastic vasculitis accounts for 2-5% of all cases of vasculitides and is less well documented. We present a case of a female patient with a history of breast cancer presenting with an upper gastrointestinal tract (GI) bleed, which subsequently revealed an underlying diagnosis of systemic vasculitis, possibly paraneoplastic. This case highlights the importance of imaging for revealing underlying vasculitis as an etiology of GI bleed.

Paraneoplastic neurological disorders are a rare complication of multiple neoplasms, such as lung, testis, and breast, and can be associated with positive antibody anti-Hu (anti-neuronal nuclear antibody type 1 or ANNA-1), anti-Ta, anti-Ma, and uncharacterized antibody, or be antibody-negative. Early treatment of the underlying tumor is the most likely modality that will lead to regression of the paraneoplastic neurological symptoms. Here, we present a case of a 73-year-old female with new-onset seizure activity from ANNA-1 encephalitis found to have undiagnosed small cell lung cancer to highlight the need for further workup for malignancy.