未经证实:人们普遍认为,虽然大脑皮层的组织随着进化而发生巨大变化,脑干的组织在物种之间是保守的。进一步假设,和其他物种一样,每个人的脑干组织都是相似的。我们将回顾我们关于四个人类脑干核的数据,这些数据表明这两种想法可能都需要修改。
UNASSIGNED:我们研究了背旁神经核(PMD)的神经解剖学和神经化学组织,下橄榄(IOpr)的主要核,髓质弓状核(Arc)和耳蜗背侧核(DC)。我们将这些人类脑干细胞核与包括黑猩猩在内的其他哺乳动物的细胞核进行了比较,猴子,猫和啮齿动物。我们使用Nissl和免疫染色切片研究了Witelson正常大脑收集的人类病例,并检查了其他物种的档案Nissl和免疫染色切片。
UNASSIGNED:我们发现人类脑干结构的大小和形状存在显著的个体差异。原子核的大小和外观存在左右不对称性,在IOpr和Arc中戏剧性地如此。人类有细胞核,例如,PMD和电弧,在其他几个物种中没有看到。此外,有脑干结构在物种之间保守,但在人类中显示出巨大的扩张,例如,IOpr。最后,有原子核,例如DC,显示物种之间结构的主要差异。
未经评估:总的来说,结果提示了人类脑干组织的几个原理,这些原理将人类与其他物种区分开来。研究的功能相关性,以及遗传对,这些脑干特征是未来重要的研究方向。
UNASSIGNED: It is commonly thought that while the organization of the cerebral cortex changes dramatically over evolution, the organization of the brainstem is conserved across species. It is further assumed that, as in other species, brainstem organization is similar from one human to the next. We will review our data on four human brainstem nuclei that suggest that both ideas may need modification.
UNASSIGNED: We have studied the neuroanatomical and neurochemical organization of the nucleus paramedianus dorsalis (PMD), the principal nucleus of the inferior olive (IOpr), the arcuate nucleus of the medulla (Arc) and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DC). We compared these human brainstem nuclei to nuclei in other mammals including chimpanzees, monkeys, cats and rodents. We studied human cases from the Witelson Normal Brain collection using Nissl and immunostained sections, and examined archival Nissl and immunostained sections from other species.
UNASSIGNED: We found significant individual variability in the size and shape of brainstem structures among humans. There is left-right asymmetry in the size and appearance of nuclei, dramatically so in the IOpr and Arc. In humans there are nuclei, e.g., the PMD and the Arc, not seen in several other species. In addition, there are brainstem structures that are conserved across species but show major expansion in humans, e.g., the IOpr. Finally, there are nuclei, e.g. the DC, that show major differences in structure among species.
UNASSIGNED: Overall, the results suggest several principles of human brainstem organization that distinguish humans from other species. Studying the functional correlates of, and the genetic contributions to, these brainstem characteristics are important future research directions.