温泉是水温高于环境温度的地方。它们广泛用于发电,热水温泉,康复疗法,农业,洗钱,和水产养殖。在尼泊尔,据报道,许多温泉,但对温泉的水质和水文地球化学的科学理解非常有限。在这项研究中,从甘达基省的12个温泉收集的水样中总共测量了28个物理化学参数,尼泊尔。采用主成分分析(PCA)和聚类分析等多变量统计分析和相关矩阵来了解温泉的水质和水文地球化学。pH值,温度,电导率,总溶解固体,热水温泉的浊度范围为7.3至8.8,31.6-64.3°C,206-16270μS/cm,115-6637mg/L,和0.21-63.7NTU;分别。主要阴离子和阳离子的优势顺序为:Cl->HCO3->SO42->NO3->F-和Na>Ca2>K>Mg2;分别。水质参数与世界卫生组织和国家水质标准的比较表明,大多数参数都在安全范围内。从9种重金属和微量元素中分析了Zn2+,Ni2+,Cr3+,Cd+2,Hg(总),和Pb2+被发现低于安全极限,但Fe(总),在总共3、5和1个采样地点中,发现As(总量)和Cu(总量)高于WHO的安全限值;分别。水质指数(WQI),钠吸收率(SAR),热水温泉中的镁危害(MH)比率分别为40.9至573、2.2-49.3、7.1-70.8。PCA分析结果表明,需要四个主成分来解释水文地球化学。聚类分析表明,采样点可以根据总溶解固体分为三个不同的簇。有趣的是,使用Piper图对水化学相进行分类表明,12个温泉中有7个具有Na-Cl型水。最后,提供了关于温泉适合热水水疗和沐浴疗法的观点和政策建议。
Thermal springs are the sites where the water temperature lies above ambient temperature. They are widely used for power generation, hot water spas, balneotherapy, agriculture, laundering, and aquaculture. In Nepal, many thermal springs are reported but scientific understanding on water quality and
hydrogeochemistry of the springs is very limited. In this study, a total of 28 physico-chemical parameters were measured in water samples collected from 12 thermal springs from Gandaki Province, Nepal. Correlation matrix and multivariate statistical analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used to understand the water quality and
hydrogeochemistry of the hot water springs. The pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity in the hot water springs ranged from 7.3 to 8.8, 31.6-64.3 °C, 206-16270 μS/cm, 115-6637 mg/L, and 0.21-63.7 NTU; respectively. The dominance order of major anions and cations were: Cl- > HCO3- > SO42- > NO3- > F- and Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+; respectively. Comparison of the water quality parameters with the WHO and National Water Quality Standards suggested that the majority of the parameters were within the safe limit. Out of 9 heavy metals and trace elements analyzed Zn2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, Cd+2, Hg (total), and Pb2+ were found below the safe limit but Fe (total), As (total) and Cu (total) were found higher than the WHO safe limit in total of 3, 5 and 1 sampling sites; respectively. The water quality index (WQI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and magnesium hazard (MH) ratio in the hot water springs ranged from 40.9 to 573, 2.2-49.3, 7.1-70.8; respectively. The result of PCA analysis showed that four principal components are required to explain
hydrogeochemistry. Cluster analysis suggested that the sampling sites can be grouped into three distinct clusters based on total dissolved solids. Interestingly, the classification of hydrochemical facies using a Piper diagram suggested that 7 out of 12 thermal springs have Na-Cl type water. Finally, a perspective on the suitability of the hot springs for hot water spas and balneotherapy and policy recommendation is provided.