肾上腺诱发的高血压是由潜在的肾上腺疾病引起的,包括康恩综合征,库欣综合征,和嗜铬细胞瘤.这些肾上腺疾病是心血管和肾脏发病率和死亡率的风险。临床上,肾上腺诱发的高血压的治疗涉及药物或手术方法。前者表现出非常明显的副作用,而后者在其余对侧肾上腺中再次出现肾上腺疾病的情况下可能无效。由于现有治疗方法的局限性,微波消融(MWA)等微创治疗方案在肾上腺疾病的治疗中受到了广泛关注.对人类肾上腺介电特性的精确理解将有助于为MWA治疗定制能量输送,从而提供了优化治疗和减少对周围组织损伤的潜力。这项研究报告了人肾上腺的离体介电特性,包括大脑皮层,髓质,胶囊,和肿瘤,根据从四名患者获得的数据(诊断为康恩综合征,库欣综合征,和嗜铬细胞瘤)在戈尔韦大学医院接受了单侧肾上腺切除术,爱尔兰。使用开放式同轴探针测量技术来测量0.5-8.5GHz频率范围内的介电特性。使用两极德拜模型拟合介电特性,采用加权最小二乘法对模型参数进行优化。此外,肾上腺组织和肿瘤的介电特性在MWA常用的频率上进行了比较,包括915MHz,2.45GHz,5.8GHz。研究发现,肾上腺肿瘤的介电特性受到富含脂质的腺瘤的存在的影响,与诊断为Conn\'s综合征和嗜铬细胞瘤的患者相比,库欣综合征肿瘤的介电特性最低。此外,在诊断为康恩综合征的患者中,观察到髓质和皮质的介电特性存在显着差异,库欣综合征,和嗜铬细胞瘤.这些发现对肾上腺肿瘤的诊断和治疗具有重要意义。包括优化MWA治疗以精确消融肾上腺肿块。
Adrenal gland-induced hypertension results from underlying adrenal gland disorders including Conn\'s syndrome, Cushing\'s syndrome, and Pheochromocytoma. These adrenal disorders are a risk for cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality. Clinically, treatment for adrenal gland-induced hypertension involves a pharmaceutical or surgical approach. The former presents very significant side effects whereas the latter can be ineffective in cases where the adrenal disorder reoccurs in the remaining contralateral adrenal gland. Due to the limitations of existing treatment methods, minimally invasive treatment options like microwave ablation (MWA) have received significant attention for treating adrenal gland disorders. A precise comprehension of the dielectric properties of human adrenal glands will help to tailor energy delivery for MWA therapy, thus offering the potential to optimise treatments and minimise damage to surrounding tissues. This study reports the ex vivo dielectric properties of human adrenal glands, including the cortex, medulla, capsule, and tumours, based on the data obtained from four patients (diagnosed with Conn\'s syndrome, Cushing\'s syndrome, and Pheochromocytoma) who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy at the University Hospital Galway, Ireland. An open-ended coaxial probe measurement technique was used to measure the dielectric properties for a frequency range of 0.5-8.5 GHz. The dielectric properties were fitted using a two-pole Debye model, and a weighted least squares method was employed to optimise the model parameters. Moreover, the dielectric properties of adrenal tissues and tumours were compared across frequencies commonly used in MWA, including 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. The study found that the dielectric properties of adrenal tumours were influenced by the presence of lipid-rich adenomas, and the dielectric properties of Cushing\'s syndrome tumour were lowest in comparison to the tumours in patients diagnosed with Conn\'s syndrome and Pheochromocytoma. Furthermore, a notable difference was observed in the dielectric properties of the medulla and cortex among patients diagnosed with Conn\'s syndrome, Cushing\'s syndrome, and Pheochromocytoma. These findings have significant implications for the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal tumours, including the optimisation of MWA therapy for precise ablation of adrenal masses.