OBJECTIVE: To provide a method for the differential diagnosis of Robert\'s uterus with adenomyosis, a rare uterine malformation, and determine the best course of treatment.
METHODS: A patient who had Robert\'s uterus with adenomyosis was admitted to our hospital in December 2022. We analyzed and summarized her case .
RESULTS: Our patient complained of progressively worsening primary dysmenorrhea over the course of 3 years and lower abdominal pain lasting for 2 days. Her carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) level was 372.10 U/mL. Examinations conducted by several hospitals indicated that she had a single-horned uterus and a residual horned uterus, and our hospital\'s examination identified Robert\'s uterus. This malformation was corrected by open abdominal surgery. For the procedure, pelvic adhesions were first isolated, after which the closed uterine cavity and adenomyosis were resected. Subsequently, the left ovarian endometriosis cyst was resected and right tubal ligation was performed. After surgery, three injections of gonadotropin-releasing hormone A (GnRH-A) were administered, which lowered the patient\'s CA125 level to 14 U/mL and normalized her condition.
CONCLUSIONS: We pioneered a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of Robert\'s uterus with adenomyosis. Some valuable references are provided for clinical practice.

Uterine dysplasia is a common cause of infertility. Traditional Chinese medicine has unique advantages in the treatment of this disease. This paper introduces a case of infertility caused by uterine dysplasia treated by Professor MA Kun who adopted the therapy of tonifying kidney and activating blood, aiming to summarize the theoretical foundation and formula principles of Professor MA Kun in the clinical treatment of this disease. The kidney stores essence and governs reproduction. Kidney deficiency is the root cause of infertility. The deficiencies in kidney Qi, Yin, and Yang can result in blood stasis to obstruct the uterus, leading to insufficient source for essence and aggravating kidney deficiency. Kidney deficiency and blood stasis affect each other and form a vicious cycle, resulting in uterine dysplasia due to insufficient nutrition and difficult pregnancy. Therefore, Professor MA Kun believes that kidney deficiency and blood stasis is the key pathogenesis of infertility caused by uterine dysplasia and proposes the treatment principle of tonifying kidney and activating blood. Sufficient essence and Qi in the kidney can resolve stasis and generate blood, thus harmonizing Yin and Yang, which can reach thoroughfare and conception vessels to nourish the uterus and recover the normal physiological function of the uterus. In that case, normal pregnancy is possible. Professor MA Kun attaches importance to the therapeutic principle of supplementing Qi and nourishing blood. In addition, she advocates conforming to changes in the menstrual cycle to promote the development of the uterus and the implantation of fertilized eggs. She also integrates traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine to treat both symptoms and root causes. Professor MA Kun\'s experience has demonstrated definite clinical effect on this disease and can be taken as a reference.

Objective: To explore the age of onset and consultation, the main clinical manifestations, common types of combined malformations, the relationship of endometriosis, surgical prognosis and different types of proportion of adolescent female reproductive system dysplasia. Methods: The medical records of 356 patients (aged 10-19) with female reproductive system dysplasia in Women\'s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University from January 2003 to August 2018 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Results: (1) Among the 356 adolescent dysplasia patients, uterine dysplasia (23.6%, 84/356), oblique vaginal septum syndrome (OVSS; 22.5%, 80/356) and vaginal dysplasia (21.6%, 77/356) were the most frequent ones, followed by multi-sectional dysplasia (16.0%, 57/356), other types of developmental abnormalities like external genitaliaand urogenital fistula (13.5%, 48/356) and Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH syndrome; 2.8%, 10/356). (2) There were significant differences between the median age of onset and the age of consultation of patients with OVSS and other types of abnormalities except hymen atresia (both P<0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences between the age of onset and the age of consultation of the patients of uterine dysplasia, vaginal dysplasia, hymen atresia, MRKH syndrome and multi-sectional dysplasia (all P>0.05). (3) The clinical manifestations were lack of specificity, and mainly abnormal finding was lower abdominal pain. (4) After admission, the majority of patients underwent comprehensive cardiopulmonary examination (71.3%, 254/356) and urinary system examination (63.5%, 226/356). Only 18.3% (65/356) of patients had completed abdominal organ examination, and 5.9% (21/356) skeletal system examination. About other systemic malformations, urological malformations were the most common (27.5%, 98/356), followed by anorectal malformation (0.6%, 2/356), heart malformations (0.3%, 1/356), and spinal malformations (0.3%, 1/356). 46.4% (84/181) of the surgical patients were diagnosed with combined endometriosis. Patients with obstructive genital tract malformations were more likely to combine with endometriosis than non-obstructive ones [50.3% (74/147) vs 29.4% (10/34); P<0.05]. However, there was no significant difference between the severity of endometriosis of those two kinds (P>0.05). (5) Totally 308 patients were followed up successfully with a median of 25.0 years old, and 20 cases were treated again; 12.0% (37/308) of them were suffering from menstrual disorder and 33.1% (102/308) of them with dysmenorrhea. Totally 130 patients had sexually active reported no sexual problems. Conclusions: Uterine dysplasia, OVSS and vaginal dysplasia are the most common syndromes in adolescent female reproductive system dysplasia along with frequent cases of coexisting urinary malformations and increasing risks of endometriosis. Meanwhile, the lack of specificity of clinical manifestations might delay the timely diagnosis and treatment after the onset of symptoms. Nonetheless, most patients could achieve good surgical outcomes.
目的： 探讨青春期女性生殖系统发育异常不同类型的构成比、发病及就诊年龄、主要临床表现、常见的合并畸形、合并子宫内膜异位症（内异症）、手术治疗及预后等情况。 方法： 回顾性分析2003年1月至2018年8月于浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院住院的356例青春期（10~19岁）生殖系统发育异常患者的临床资料。 结果： （1）356例青春期生殖系统发育异常患者中，子宫发育异常（23.6%，84/356）、阴道斜隔综合征（22.5%，80/356）及阴道发育异常（21.6%，77/356）常见，其次为多部位发育异常（16.0%，57/356）、其他类型发育异常（13.5%，48/356）及Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser综合征（MRKH综合征；2.8%，10/356）。（2）阴道斜隔综合征、非处女膜闭锁的其他类型发育异常患者的中位发病年龄与中位就诊年龄比较，差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05），子宫发育异常、阴道发育异常、处女膜闭锁、MRKH综合征、多部位发育异常患者的中位发病年龄与中位就诊年龄比较，差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。（3）6种类型青春期生殖系统发育异常患者的临床表现缺乏特异性，以下腹痛为主。（4）大部分患者入院后完善了心肺检查（71.3%，254/356）及泌尿系统检查（63.5%，226/356），仅18.3%（65/356）完善了腹腔器官检查，5.9%（21/356）完善了骨骼系统检查；完善检查后发现，青春期生殖系统发育异常合并泌尿系统畸形常见（27.5%，98/356），其次发现了合并肛门闭锁（0.6%，2/356）、右位心（0.3%，1/356）及脊柱侧弯（0.3%，1/356）。46.4%（84/181）的患者术中发现合并内异症，其中梗阻性生殖系统发育异常患者比非梗阻性生殖系统发育异常患者更易合并内异症［分别为50.3%（74/147）、29.4%（10/34）；P<0.05］，但两者合并中~重度内异症的比例比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。（5）共随访308例患者，中位随访年龄为25.0岁，其中20例患者再次手术，12.0%（37/308）的患者存在月经异常，33.1%（102/308）伴痛经，130例已有性生活的患者均未诉性生活异常。 结论： 青春期女性生殖系统发育异常以子宫发育异常、阴道斜隔综合征及阴道发育异常常见，且合并泌尿系统畸形者多见，同时合并内异症的风险增加。其临床表现缺乏特异性，发病后难以得到及时诊疗，但大部分患者手术治疗效果较好。.

Objective: To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of oblique vaginal septum syndrome (OVSS). Methods: The clinical data of 80 patients with OVSS admitted to The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from July 2005 to July 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the classification system of OVSS proposed by Female Genital Anomalies Study Group, Chinese Obstetricians and Gynecologists Association in 2021, the patients were divided into four groups. The clinical manifestations, accompanied urinary system abnormalities, diagnosis and treatment methods and treatment outcomes were observed. Results: According to the above classification system, among the 80 patients with OVSS, 35 patients (44%, 35/80) were categorized as type Ⅰ, 33 patients (41%, 33/80) were categorized as type Ⅱ, 2 patients (3%, 2/80) were categorized as type Ⅲ and 10 patients (13%, 10/80) were categorized as type Ⅳ. The main onset symptom of patients was periodic abdominal pain (70%, 56/80), vaginal bleeding (20%, 16/80), dysuria or fecal impaction (15%, 12/80), vaginal mucopurulent discharge (10%, 8/80). The morbidity of combined urinary system abnormalities was 88% (70/80), and the most common urinary system abnormality was ipsilateral renal agenesis (81%, 65/80). Bilateral kidneys were normal in 13% (10/80) patients, and 6% (5/80) were combined with other urinary system abnormalities. A total of 74 patients underwent vaginal oblique septectomy or septum excision. Five of the 10 patients with type Ⅳ underwent hysterectomy on the cervical atresia side, 4 patients received hysteroscopy combined with cervicoplasty+oblique septotomy or septum excision, and one patient selected delayed menstruation. Two patients underwent laparoscopic resection of the dysplasia kidney and ectopic ureter which opening to the vagina. Eleven patients with endometriosis cyst, hydrosalpinx or empyema underwent laparoscopic surgery. Conclusions: The main symptom of type Ⅰ and Ⅳ patients is abdominal pain, while the main symptom of type Ⅱ and Ⅲ patients is bleeding. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has advantages in the evaluation of complex OVSS, and MRI is recommended before operation to exclude other axial reproductive tract dysplasia and complex urinary system dysplasia. If there is leakage of urine, vaginal discharge or complex deformity, it is necessary to multidisciplinary discussion and formulate a reasonable surgical plan. The first treatment is related to the prognosis of patients especially children, and should be highly valued.
目的： 探讨阴道斜隔综合征患者的临床特征和诊疗方案。 方法： 回顾性分析2005年7月至2023年7月于河北医科大学第二医院就诊的80例阴道斜隔综合征患者的临床资料。阴道斜隔综合征根据我国2021年专家共识的分型方法分为4型；分析总结患者的临床表现、合并泌尿系统发育异常、诊疗方式及治疗结局。 结果： 80例阴道斜隔综合征患者的分型为：Ⅰ型35例（44%，35/80），Ⅱ型33例（41%，33/80），Ⅲ型2例（3%，2/80），Ⅳ型10例（13%，10/80）。80例患者的就诊原因主要为周期性下腹痛（70%，56/80）、阴道淋漓流血（20%，16/80）、排尿排便困难（15%，12/80）、阴道流脓（10%，8/80）。患者合并泌尿系统发育异常的发生率为88%（70/80），其中以阴道斜隔侧的肾缺如最为常见（81%，65/80）；6%（5/80）合并其他泌尿系统发育异常，也有13%（10/80）的患者双侧肾脏正常。80例患者中74例接受了阴道斜隔切开或切除术。10例Ⅳ型患者中，有5例接受了子宫颈闭锁侧的子宫切除术，未处理斜隔；4例患者接受了宫腹腔镜联合子宫颈成形+阴道斜隔切开或切除术；1例患者因家属要求抑制月经而延迟手术治疗。2例患者在腹腔镜下切除了异位开口的输尿管及发育不良的肾脏。11例合并卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿、输卵管积液或积脓的患者同时接受了相应的腹腔镜手术。 结论： Ⅰ型、Ⅳ型阴道斜隔综合征患者的主要症状为下腹痛，Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型患者的主要症状为阴道淋漓流血、流液。磁共振成像（MRI）检查对评估复杂的阴道斜隔综合征具有优势，术前建议行MRI检查，以除外其他轴向的生殖道发育异常以及复杂的泌尿系统发育异常。若存在漏尿、阴道流脓或复杂畸形时，需要术前完善检查，多学科讨论，制定合理的手术方案；首次处理关系患者预后，应高度重视。.

Objective: To analyze the incidence and clinical phenotype of the concomitant extragenital malformations in the patients with female reproductive tract anomalies. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using clinical data of hospitalized patients diagnosed with uterine, cervical, or vaginal malformations from January 2003 to December 2022 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital. The malformations were classified according to American Society for Reproductive Medicine müllerian anomalies classification 2021, and in each type, the incidence and specific manifestations of concomitant extragnital malformations were analyzed. Results: A total of 444 patients were included. The overall incidence of concomitant extragenital malformations was 43.5% (193/444), including urinary system, skeletal system, and other system malformations. Renal malformations on the obstructed side were present in all patients with oblique vaginal septum syndrome (100.0%, 78/78). The total incidence of concomitant extragnital malformations was as high as 8/11 in uterus didelphys, 43.5% (10/23) in unicornuate uterus, 33.6% (79/235) in Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, 18.8% (6/32) in septate uterus and 18.5% (12/65) in cervical agenesis. Urinary system malformations (30.6%, 136/444) and skeletal system malformations (13.5%, 60/444) were the most common concomitant malformations in all types, in which, unilateral renal agenesis and scoliosis were the most common. Conclusions: Urinary and skeletal system malformations are important features of female reproductive tract anomalies. Urologic ultrasonography and spinal roentgenogram are recommended for all patients with female reproductive tract anomalies.
目的： 分析女性生殖器官畸形中其他系统伴发畸形的发生率和临床表型。 方法： 回顾性分析2003年1月至2022年12月期间于北京协和医院诊断子宫、子宫颈或阴道畸形的住院患者的临床资料，以美国生殖医学学会2021年分类标准为基础进行生殖器官畸形的分类，统计各类生殖器官畸形的伴发畸形发生率和伴发畸形的具体表现。 结果： 总计纳入444例生殖器官畸形患者，泌尿系统、骨骼系统等生殖器官外伴发畸形的总体发生率为43.5%（193/444）。阴道斜隔综合征患者均有梗阻侧的肾脏畸形（100.0%，78/78），双子宫患者的伴发畸形发生率高达8/11，单角子宫为43.5%（10/23），Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser综合征为33.6%（79/235），纵隔子宫为18.8%（6/32），子宫颈发育不良为18.5%（12/65）。泌尿系统伴发畸形（30.6%，136/444）和骨骼系统伴发畸形（13.5%，60/444）在各个类型生殖器官畸形中均为最常见的伴发畸形，其中尤以单肾缺如和脊柱侧凸常见。 结论： 伴发泌尿系统和骨骼系统畸形是女性生殖器官畸形的重要特点，推荐对所有女性生殖器官畸形患者行泌尿系统超声和全脊柱正侧位X线片筛查。.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reproductive outcomes of women with complete septate uterus and duplicated cervix who either did or did not receive cervical septum incision during hysteroscopic transcervical incision of the uterine septum.
METHODS: Retrospective study approved by the hospital ethics committee.
METHODS: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
METHODS: Women with complete septate uterus and duplicated cervix who underwent hysteroscopic transcervical incision of the uterine septum in Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University between January 2008 and December 2020 (n = 105).
METHODS: Hysteroscopic incision of the septum.
RESULTS: Included patients were grouped according to whether or not cervical septum incision was performed. Reproductive outcomes including gravidity, abortion rate, preterm birth rate, full-term birth rate, premature rupture of membranes, and cervical incompetence were assessed. In the no incision group, the abortion rate (7.4%) was significantly lower than that of the incision group (27.6%, p = .01); the preterm birth rate (4.6%) was significantly lower than that of the incision group (36.8%); and the full-term birth rate (95.5%) exceeded that of the incision group (63.2%, p <.01). Incidence of premature rupture of membranes and cervical incompetence during pregnancy was higher in the incision group (15.8% and 10.5%, p <.01 and p = .03).
CONCLUSIONS: Significantly improved reproductive outcomes were observed among patients with complete septate uterus and duplicated cervix whose cervical septum was preserved during the hysteroscopic transcervical incision of the uterine septum procedure.

暂无摘要。

The link between neonatal jaundice and urinary tract infection (UTI) remains debated, with congenital kidney and urinary tract anomalies (CAKUT) potentially playing a role. This population-based study aimed to analyze the correlations between neonatal jaundice, CAKUT, and concomitant UTI. The study cohort consisted of 2,078,122 live births from 2004 to 2014. We linked several population-based datasets in Taiwan to identify infants with unexplained neonatal jaundice and their mothers. The primary outcome was the rate of CAKUT occurring within 3 years after delivery, and the presence of concomitant UTI during neonatal jaundice hospitalization. Infants with neonatal jaundice had a significantly higher risk of CAKUT (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-1.39) during early childhood. Among the subtypes of CAKUT, obstructive uropathy, vesicoureteral reflux and other CAKUT were associated with an increased risk of neonatal jaundice. Infants who underwent intensive phototherapy, had a late diagnosis (> 14 days of postnatal age) or underwent a prolonged duration of phototherapy (> 3 days) exhibited a higher risk of concomitant UTI compared to other infants with jaundice. Our findings indicate a notable association between neonatal jaundice and increased risks of UTIs in the context of CAKUT. This study underscore the importance of vigilant monitoring and timely interventions for neonates presenting with jaundice, while acknowledging the complexity and variability in the progression of CAKUT and its potential connection to UTIs.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) presents a substantial population health concern. Previous studies have revealed that GDM can ultimately influence nephron endowment. In this study, we established a GDM mouse model to investigate the embryological alterations and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) affected by GDM. Our study highlights that GDM could contribute to the manifestation of CAKUT, with prevalent phenotypes characterized by isolated hydronephrosis and duplex kidney complicated with hydronephrosis in mice. Ectopic ureteric buds (UBs) and extended length of common nephric ducts (CNDs) were noted in the metanephric development stage. The expression of Ret and downstream p-ERK activity were enhanced in UBs, which indicated the alteration of RET/MAPK/ERK pathway may be one of the mechanisms contributing to the increased occurrence of CAKUT associated with GDM.

BACKGROUND: Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are prevalent birth defects. Although pathogenic CAKUT genes are known, they are insufficient to reveal the causes for all patients. Our previous studies indicated GEN1 as a pathogenic gene of CAKUT in mice, and this study further investigated the correlation between GEN1 and human CAKUT.
METHODS: In this study, DNA from 910 individuals with CAKUT was collected; 26 GEN1 rare variants were identified, and two GEN1 (missense) variants in a non-CAKUT group were found. Mainly due to the stability results of the predicted mutant on the website, in vitro, 10 variants (eight CAKUT, two non-CAKUT) were selected to verify mutant protein stability. In addition, mainly based on the division of the mutation site located in the functional region of the GEN1 protein, 8 variants (six CAKUT, two non-CAKUT) were selected to verify enzymatic hydrolysis, and the splice variant GEN1 (c.1071 + 3(IVS10) A > G) was selected to verify shear ability. Based on the results of in vitro experiments and higher frequency, three sites with the most significant functional change were selected to build mouse models.
RESULTS: Protein stability changed in six variants in the CAKUT group. Based on electrophoretic mobility shift assay of eight variants (six CAKUT, two non-CAKUT), the enzymatic hydrolysis and DNA-binding abilities of mutant proteins were impaired in the CAKUT group. The most serious functional damage was observed in the Gen1 variant that produced a truncated protein. A mini-gene splicing assay showed that the variant GEN1 (c.1071 + 3(IVS10) A > G) in the CAKUT group significantly affected splicing function. An abnormal exon10 was detected in the mini-gene splicing assay. Point-mutant mouse strains were constructed (Gen1: c.1068 + 3 A > G, p.R400X, and p.T105R) based on the variant frequency in the CAKUT group and functional impairment in vitro study and CAKUT phenotypes were replicated in each.
CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings indicated GEN1 as a risk factor for human CAKUT.