OBJECTIVE: Medulloblastoma is the most common primary malignant central nervous system tumour in children. These last decades, treatment modalities have largely evolved resulting in better survival rates. Nevertheless, long-term toxicity is a major concern in this setting. The purpose of this study was to analyse the clinical results and medical outcomes of a cohort of paediatric patients treated for medulloblastoma in Xhinhua Hospital in Shanghai. These results are compared with those from other centres reported in literature.
METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted at Xhinhua Hospital in Shanghai, China. It included 121 patients treated for medulloblastoma from 1993 to December 2013.
RESULTS: Mean age at diagnosis was 6.7 years (range: 1-14.3 years). Total surgical resection was achieved in 60% of the cases. Classic medulloblastoma was found in 59% of the cases. Adjuvant radiotherapy was delivered in all cases and chemotherapy concerned 70.2% of the studied cohort. The median follow-up time of the study was 84 months (range: 24-120 months). Five- and 10 years progression-free survival rates were 83.2%, and 69.5% and 5 years and 10 years. Overall survival rates were 82.5%, and 72.5%. Patient\'s age significantly influenced survival: patients under 3 years old had the worse outcomes (P=0.01). T and M stages also significantly impacted survival rates: advanced stages were associated with lower rates (P=0.08 and 0.05 respectively). Finally, patients receiving temezolomide had bad outcomes when compared to the new standard protocol used in the department (P=0.03). The most commonly reported late toxicity was growth suppression in 35 patients (52.2%). Hypothyroidism requiring hormone replacement was recorded in 29% of the cases. Hearing loss, and problems including poor concentration, poor memory and learning difficulties were reported in 19% and 25% of the cases respectively. Second cancers were noted in three cases.
CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results are comparable to those reported in literature. Nevertheless, efforts should be made to ensure longer follow-ups and correctly assess treatment-related toxicity.

OBJECTIVE: Thyroid cysts remain a common clinical problem. Although simple aspiration, ethanol ablation, and radiofrequency ablation are effective, they have some limitations. There is therefore a need to identify a new and effective sclerosant for resolving these problems. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy as an active compound for sclerotherapy of thyroid cysts.
METHODS: Eight subjects whose thyroid cysts were recurrent despite repeated simple aspiration treatments were included in this study. The cysts were aspirated and then subjected to AHI. Lack of a significant reduction in cyst size (i.e. <50%) at follow-up resulted in further AHIs. Treatment success was defined as complete disappearance or a marked (i.e.>50%) reduction in the size of the cystic portion of the thyroid nodule on follow-up ultrasonography at least 6 months after the final AHI.
RESULTS: A marked size reduction of>50% was ultimately found in all of the patients (100%), with a reduction varying from 73.68% to 99.07% (P<0.029). Six of the patients received a single AHI treatment, one received two AHIs, and one received three AHIs. None of the patients suffered from a recurrence during the follow-up period. Three patients experienced tolerable pain and local tenderness. No serious side effects were reported.
CONCLUSIONS: Intracystic AHI may be a safe and effective treatment for benign thyroid cysts.