BACKGROUND: In the snake-infested mountainous regions of China, Saxifraga stolonifera [L.] Meeb is widely utilized as an immediate remedy for venomous snake bites. However, the scientific understanding of S. stolonifera\'s efficacy in snakebite treatment remains limited and requires further investigation.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the inhibitory effects of Saxifraga stolonifera phenolic extracts (SSPE) on Deinagkistrodon acutus venom (DAV) and explore the potential of S. stolonifera as a valuable candidate for antivenom development.
METHODS: We employed our previously optimized extraction conditions to obtain SSPE. In vitro experiments utilizing diverse models were conducted to assess the inhibitory effects of the extracted phenolic compounds on DAV, specifically targeting phospholipase A2 (PLA2), proteolytic, fibrinolytic, and hyaluronidase enzymes. Furthermore, in vivo investigations were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory potential of the extracted compounds against DAV-induced hemorrhagic and edematogenic activity. To elucidate the chemical composition of the phenolic extracts, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis was performed.
RESULTS: Our in vitro inhibition study showed that S. stolonifera was able to inhibit the activities of PLA2 enzyme, proteolytic enzyme, hyaluronidase and fibrinogenolytic. The median effective dose (ED50) values of SSPE for inhibiting PLA2 enzyme, proteolytic enzyme and hyaluronidase activities were 0.115 mg/mL, 0.026 mg/mL and 0.238 mg/mL, respectively. The DAV-induced hemorrhagic and edematogenic effects of the SSPE were also successfully inhibited in vivo, and the high SSPE concentration was able to completely inhibit the hemorrhage and edema. It is noteworthy that the mice suffered no harm from the high SSPE concentration. The composition analysis showed that the phenolic substances contained in SSPE are gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-ɑ-L-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin and kaempferol.
CONCLUSIONS: This study provides scientific validation of the inhibitory efficacy of S. stolonifera as an emergency treatment for venomous snake bites, offering a theoretical foundation for future drug development strategies targeting snakebite.

Objective. To analyze the EEG features of four subacute sclerosing panencephalitis cases in North China. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the EEG features in four patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and 12 patients in control group from North China. Results. The periodic long-interval diffuse discharges were found in all of the four cases with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The morphology and component of periodic complexes were varied in different patients and different wakefulness states. Some EEG parameter settings help to identify periodic long-interval diffuse discharges including the slowed sweep speed, decreased sensitivity and reduced number of montages. In each patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, the periodic long-interval diffuse discharges associated with two types of brief episodes (1:1) during awake period were found and none of the patients in the control group had this EEG pattern. The score system based on the periodic discharges and brief episodes also shows that all the patients with SSPE reached score 5 while none of the patients in the control group has a score greater than 3, which suggests that this EEG pattern may have diagnostic value. Conclusions. In subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, the morphology and component of periodic long-interval diffuse discharges were varied in different patients and different wakefulness states. Specific EEG parameter settings help to identify periodic long-interval diffuse discharges. Periodic long-interval diffuse discharges associated with two types of brief episodes (1:1) during awake period may strongly suggest the diagnosis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

The clinical features and outcomes of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) in younger children are different from those of adults, leading easily to misdiagnosis during the early stage. So far, there are limited data related to SSPE in preschool children.
In order to summarize the clinical data and evolution of SSPE in preschool children and to expand the phenotypes of SSPE, the medical charts of preschool patients diagnosed with SSPE were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed; the clinical outcomes of the enrolled cases were evaluated and followed up.
Overall, we included three cases in the study. Their onset age was 5 years and 2 months, 4 years and 3 months, and 4 years and 2 months, respectively. All patients presented drop attacks or jerks as the onset symptom, and one patient had concurrent gait disturbance. Atypical periodic complexes on electroencephalography (EEG) were recorded in all patients. The brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of two cases showed demyelinating lesions predominantly on the white matter. The neurological conditions of all cases deteriorated rapidly. Two children died at 21 months and 6 months after onset, respectively. The other case progressively developed vegetative status and akinetic mutism within 4 months.
In younger children, the characteristic features of SSPE may be seizures and gait instability as onset manifestations, atypical periodic complexes on EEG, and rapid worsening of neurological conditions.

TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) gene variants were reported to increase the risk of Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) and even other neurodegenerative diseases (frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Parkinson\'s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)), but so far, no definite conclusion has been drawn. The aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the role of TREM2 variants in neurodegenerative diseases. A total of 39 papers (including 26 case-control studies and 13 case reports) were retrieved from PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library in this study. A fixed effect model was used to pool results in the analysis. Three variants in TREM2 (rs75932628 (R47H), rs2234255 (H157Y), and rs143332484 (R62H)) were significantly associated with AD risk, but the similar associations between rs104894002 (Q33X), rs2234253 (T96K), rs142232675 (D87N), rs2234256 (L211P), and AD were not proven. Rs75932628 also increased risk of PD in North Americans and FTD, but not PD in Europeans or ALS. In the systematic review, 12 biallelic TREM2 mutations (e.g., rs104894002, rs201258663 (T66M), and rs386834144, etc.) have been described to cause Polycystic Lipomembranous Osteodysplasia with Sclerosing Leukoencephalopathy (PLOSL) in 14 families. And homozygous mutations also have been reported to cause FTD without typical bone phenotypes in 7 families. This study demonstrates that multiple variants in TREM2 have association with the onset of AD, FTD, and PD in North Americans and also play a key role in the phenotypes of the rare familial genetic disorder.

1 patient with SSPE at 4 y. He had had measles and measles encephalitis at 7.5 months. In China, the first and the second measles immunizations are recommended at 8 months and at 18-24 months, respectively. We recommend above immunizations should be given separately at 6 months and at 12-15 months.

OBJECTIVE: The previously reported functional mutation rs75932628-T (p.R47H) in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer\'s disease, Parkinson\'s disease (PD) and frontotemporal dementia, in European populations. This study aims to assess the genetic association of the variant rs75932628-T with PD and leucoaraiosis (LA) in a Han Chinese population.
METHODS: This population-based study was conducted in China by Xiamen University and its affiliated hospital.
METHODS: 308 patients with LA, 342 patients with PD and 198 healthy blood donors were recruited from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University.
METHODS: Genotyping was performed by molecular beacon real-time PCR and Sanger sequencing.
RESULTS: None of our participants carried the rs75932628-T mutation.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results corroborate and extend previous findings, concluding that the variant rs75932628-T (p.R47H) in TREM2 is not a risk factor for LA or PD in the Han Chinese population.

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This report describes an atypical case of rapidly progressive subacute sclerosing panencephalitis presenting as transient visual agnosia and myoclonus in a 14-year-old male. There were no typical periodic complexes in serial electroencephalographic monitoring; cerebrospinal fluid measles antibody titer was negative. The diagnosis was made by molecular and histologic examination of open brain biopsy tissue.

This investigation reports the prevalence and clinical profile of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in two developed cities of southern China. A territory-wide survey was conducted to identify all subacute sclerosing panencephalitis cases diagnosed during 1988-2002 in Hong Kong and Macau. Altogether, 10 cases (male:female = 7:3) were identified of whom six were still alive. The prevalence rate of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Hong Kong and Macau in 2002 was 1 per million total population or 5.5 per million children. The mean age of presentation was 9.4 years (range = 4-14 years). Presenting features included myoclonus (60%), deterioration in school performance (30%), and transient visual impairment (10%). The clinical course was highly variable. Most had subacute course, but two deteriorated rapidly and died within 6 months. Seven children had measles infection, and the majority of infection (86%) occurred during the world measles epidemic in 1988. The mean interval between measles infection and onset of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis was 6.5 years (range = 3-11 years). There has been an increasing trend of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in southern China after the measles outbreak in 1988. Active surveillance of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis for those with measles infection during the 1988 outbreak is necessary to conduct multicenter drug trials for this devastating disease.