UNASSIGNED: To report the clinical experience and short-term efficacy in the management of olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB).
UNASSIGNED: We performed a retrospective analysis of 12 ONB patients treated with particle beam radiation therapy (PBRT) between 12/2015 and 5/2019 at the Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center. Four (33.3%) patients presented with Kadish B ONB, and 8 (66.7%) presented with Kadish C or D disease. Eleven patients received proton radiotherapy (PRT) followed by a carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) boost, one patient received CIRT only. The 2-year survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Acute and late adverse events were summarized and scored according to the CTCAE (version 4.03).
UNASSIGNED: With a median follow-up of 17.5 (range, 2.53-49.9) months, all patients but 1 were alive. Eight patients were alive without evidence of disease, and 2 additional patients achieved partial response and remained alive with residual disease. One patient died of toxicity associated with salvage chemotherapy for distant metastasis and local failure. Another patient developed distant metastasis only and was alive at the time of the last follow-up. The 2-year OS, PFS, LRPFS, and DMFS rates were 83.3%, 75.8%, 87.5%, and 79.5%, respectively. No acute or late toxicities of ≥ grade 3 was observed.
UNASSIGNED: Intensity modulated PBRT of ONB is well tolerated. While longer follow-up is needed, early outcomes suggested that PBRT is safe and effective for the treatment of ONB with minimal adverse events.

Proton is a major particle of space radiation environment and a prospective radiotherapy beam. However, its risk needs to be fully evaluated for the understanding and to establish the better protective strategy for astronaut and patient. Zebrafish is an ideal model for the toxicity studies on medicines and environmental genetic toxicants. In the current study, embryos of zebrafish at 24 h post-fertilization (hpf) were exposed to proton beam. Some toxic parameters of embryo-larval development were investigated. Microarray combining with qRT-PCR were used to detect the gene expression situation. Generally, fractions of a variety of abnormal phenotypes of embryos and larvae increased in a dose-dependent manner after irradiation. The copy number of mitochondria, the basal respiration rate and the maximum respiration rate of embryos significantly decreased after irradiation. Microarray data demonstrated that MAPK signaling pathway, cell communication, glycolysis and TGF-β signaling pathway were significantly affected in the irradiated group. The expressions of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (mmp9) and TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2b (timp2b) genes, and enzymatic activity of MMP9 were significantly upregulated in irradiated group. Overall, these results suggest that acute radiation of proton severely affects the development of organism and results in aberration occurrence in the early stage of zebrafish development, which may relates to mitochondrial and glycolytic dysfunction.