未经证实:通过症状识别进行早期诊断对于急性卒中的治疗至关重要。然而,经历卒中的女性比男性更有可能最初被诊断为非卒中,目前尚不清楚在症状表现方面的潜在性别差异是否会增加卒中延迟或漏诊的风险.
UNASSIGNED:量化卒中症状表现的性别差异,并评估这些差异是否与延迟或漏诊相关。
未经授权:PubMed,EMBASE,到2021年1月,对Cochrane图书馆进行了系统搜索。如果研究报告了成年女性和男性诊断为中风(缺血性或出血性)或短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的症状,并以英文发表。计算男女每种症状的平均百分比和95%置信区间(CI)。女性存在症状95%CI的粗相对风险(RR),相对于男人,还进行了计算和汇总。还提取了基于症状表现的女性与男性相比中风延迟或漏诊的任何数据。
UNASSIGNED:来自21篇符合条件的文章的汇总结果显示,女性和男性的平均运动障碍百分比相似(女性为56%,男性为56%)和言语障碍(女性为41%,男性为40%)。尽管如此,女性比男性更常见于非局灶性症状:广泛性非特异性无力(49%vs36%),精神状态变化(31%vs21%),和混乱(37%对28%),而男性更常出现共济失调(44%vs30%)和构音障碍(32%vs27%)。女性出现一些非局灶性症状的风险也较高:全身无力(RR1.49,95%CI1.09-2.03),精神状态变化(RR1.44,95%CI1.22-1.71),疲劳(RR1.42,95%CI1.05-1.92),和意识丧失(RR1.30,95%CI1.12-1.51)。相比之下,女性出现构音障碍的风险较低(RR0.89,95%CI0.82-0.95),头晕(RR0.87,95%CI0.80-0.95),步态障碍(RR0.79,95%CI0.65-0.97),和失衡(RR0.68,95%CI0.57-0.81)。只有一项将症状与明确的中风/TIA诊断联系起来的研究发现,与男性相比,女性疼痛和单侧感觉丧失与明确诊断的几率较低相关。
未经证实:尽管女性表现出较高的非局灶性症状,局灶性神经症状的患病率,比如运动无力和言语缺陷,男女都相似。在急性中风评估中对症状的性别差异的认识,仔细考虑出现症状的全部星座,将症状与诊断结果联系起来的进一步研究有助于改善男女的早期诊断和治疗。
Early diagnosis through symptom recognition is vital in the management of acute stroke. However, women who experience stroke are more likely than men to be initially given a nonstroke diagnosis and it is unclear if potential sex differences in presenting symptoms increase the risk of delayed or missed stroke diagnosis.
To quantify sex differences in the symptom
presentation of stroke and assess whether these differences are associated with a delayed or missed diagnosis.
PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched up to January 2021. Studies were included if they reported presenting symptoms of adult women and men with diagnosed stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and were published in English. Mean percentages with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of each symptom were calculated for women and men. The crude relative risks (RRs) with 95% CI of symptoms being present in women, relative to men, were also calculated and pooled. Any data on the delayed or missed diagnosis of stroke for women compared to men based on symptom
presentation were also extracted.
Pooled results from 21 eligible articles showed that women and men presented with a similar mean percentage of motor deficit (56% in women vs 56% in men) and speech deficit (41% in women vs 40% in men). Despite this, women more commonly presented with nonfocal symptoms than men: generalized nonspecific weakness (49% vs 36%), mental status change (31% vs 21%), and confusion (37% vs 28%), whereas men more commonly presented with ataxia (44% vs 30%) and dysarthria (32% vs 27%). Women also had a higher risk of presenting with some nonfocal symptoms: generalized weakness (RR 1.49, 95% CI 1.09-2.03), mental status change (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.22-1.71), fatigue (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.05-1.92), and loss of consciousness (RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.12-1.51). In contrast, women had a lower risk of presenting with dysarthria (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.95), dizziness (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.80-0.95), gait disturbance (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.65-0.97), and imbalance (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.57-0.81). Only one study linking symptoms to definite stroke/TIA diagnosis found that pain and unilateral sensory loss are associated with lower odds of a definite diagnosis in women compared to men.
Although women showed a higher prevalence of some nonfocal symptoms, the prevalence of focal neurological symptoms, such as motor weakness and speech deficit, was similar for both sexes. Awareness of sex differences in symptoms in acute stroke evaluation, careful consideration of the full constellation of presenting symptoms, and further studies linking symptoms to diagnostic outcomes can be helpful in improving early diagnosis and management in both sexes.