OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the nasal airway resistance between the cleft and non-cleft sides in operated unilateral cleft lip (UCL) patients with varying severities at birth, as well as to assess the differences in nasal airway resistance between UCL patients and healthy individuals.
METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted on 112 UCL patients who have undergone primary lip reconstructions but not advanced surgeries as the study group and 20 healthy participants as the control group between February 2023 to March 2024. The study group patients were grouped based on the severity of their cleft lip at birth, divided into occult cleft lip group, incomplete cleft lip group, and complete cleft lip group. The anterior rhinomanometry was used to evaluate nasal resistance, including unilateral effective resistances during inspiration (Reffin), expiration (Reffex), and the entire breath (ReffT), as well as unilateral vertex resistance during inspiration (VRin) and expiration (VRex). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normality. Paired t-tests were utilized to analyze the differences in nasal resistance between the healthy and affected sides within the same group of patients. Student\'s t-test was used to analyze the differences in nasal resistance among patients with different degrees of cleft lip. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: The nasal resistances of the occult cleft and incomplete cleft lip groups showed no significant differences between the cleft and non-cleft sides, and were similar to the control group. However, in the complete cleft lip group, the cleft side nasal resistance was significantly higher than the non-cleft side and control group. Among the groups, the complete cleft lip group had significantly higher nasal resistances on the cleft side for Reffin, VRin, and ReffT compared to the occult cleft group.
CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the nasal resistance of different degrees of operated UCL patients can benefit clinical diagnosis and treatment. Patients with complete cleft lip have more severe nasal obstruction on the cleft side, with greater impact on inhalation than exhalation. For these patients, treatment by an otolaryngologist is recommended to improve nasal airflow.

Objective: To investigate the correlations between subjective nasal patency, nasal valve area size and aerodynamic parameters in normal nasal cavity by means of numerical simulation, and to explore the effect of nasal valve on nasal subjective sensation and nasal airflow regulation. Methods: A total of 52 healthy participants (31 males and 21 females) with the average age of 37.8 years, were recruited from the outpatient Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Ninth People\'s Hospital Affiliated to the Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University between January and August 2023. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores for unilateral nasal subjective sensation were obtained from all participants. Additionally, the aerodynamic characteristics of inspiratory airflow were simulated. A correlation matrix analysis was conducted to identify the correlation strength between these subjective and objective parameters. Results: VAS scores showed negative correlations with unilateral nasal valve cross-sectional area (r=-0.85, P<0.01) and unilateral intranasal airflow (r=-0.57, P<0.01), and was a positive correlation with unilateral nasal resistance (NR) at the front-end of inferior turbinate (r=0.61, P<0.01). The average cross-sectional area of unilateral nasal valve was (0.85±0.35) cm2. The cross-sectional area of unilateral nasal valve was negatively correlated with unilateral NR (r=-0.50, P<0.01), and positively correlated with unilateral nasal airflow (r=0.61, P<0.01). The NR at the nasal valve area accounted for (40.41±23.54)% of the total unilateral NR. Nearly half of the unilateral NR [(46.74±21.38)%] and air warming [(49.96±10.02)%] occurring before the front end of inferior turbinate were achieved. Conclusions: The nasal valve area plays a crucial role in influencing nasal NR, unilateral nasal airflow, and changes in nasal airflow temperature. Moreover, it is associated with subjective perception of nasal patency.
目的： 通过数值模拟研究正常鼻腔中鼻腔主观通畅感、鼻瓣区大小和气流动力学参数之间的相关关系，探讨鼻瓣区对鼻主观通畅感和鼻腔气流的影响作用。 方法： 2023年1—8月于上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊选取52名健康受试者，其中男性31名，女性21名，平均年龄37.8岁。对受试者进行鼻主观通畅感视觉模拟量表（Visual Analog Scale，VAS）评分（双侧分别评分），运用数值模拟分析计算静息吸气状态下气流的动力学参数，通过统计学相关性矩阵分析这些主观和客观参数之间的相关程度。 结果： VAS评分与单侧鼻瓣区截面积（r=-0.85，P<0.01）和单侧鼻内气流（r=-0.57，P<0.01）呈负相关，与单侧下鼻甲前端鼻阻力（nasal resistance，NR）呈正相关（r=0.61，P<0.01）。单侧鼻瓣区横截面积为（0.85±0.35）cm2（x¯±s，后同），与单侧鼻腔NR呈中等程度负相关（r=-0.50，P<0.01），与单侧鼻气流量呈正相关（r=0.61，P<0.01）。鼻瓣区NR占全部单侧鼻腔NR的（40.41±23.54）%，近一半的单侧NR［（46.74±21.38）%］和鼻腔加温效率［（49.96±10.02）%］存在于下鼻甲前端之前。 结论： 鼻瓣区可影响鼻腔NR、单侧鼻内气流量和鼻腔气流温度变化，并与鼻腔主观通畅感存在关联。.

Objective:To investigate the changes of nasal ventilation before and after septoplasty by using NOSE scoring scale and nasal function examination, and to explore the correlation between subjective nasal obstruction and nasal function examination and its clinical application value. Methods:A total of 129 cases of nasal septum deviation from December 2021 to April 2023 in our hospital were selected for study. All patients underwent septoplasty. Nasal obstruction symptom evaluation（NOSE） was performed in all patients before surgery and 3 months after surgery. nasal minimal cross-sectional area（MCA） and nasal cavity volume（NCV） were recorded by nasal acoustic reflex, nasal resistance meter and nasal respiration apparatus, nasal resistance（NR）, distance between the nostril to minimum cross-sectional area,（the distance between the nostril to minimum cross-sectional area, MD）, nasal inspiratory volume（IV）, nasal expiratory volume（EV）, the nasal partitioning ratio, NPR includes objective indicators such as inspiratory volume difference ratio（NPRi） and expiratory volume difference ratio（NPRe）. Paired test was used to compare and analyze the changes of various indicators before and after surgery, and the difference（P<0.05） was statistically significant, and Pearson correlation linear analysis was used to analyze the correlation between subjective and objective indicators. Results:There were statistically significant differences in NOSE score, NCV, NR, MD, EV, IV, NPRe and NPRi of 129 patients before and after surgery（P<0.05）, while there was no statistically significant difference between MCA before and after surgery（P>0.05）. Preoperative NOSE score was correlated with NR, NCV, EV, IV, NPRe and NPRi（P<0.05）, but not with MD and MCA（P>0.05）. There was correlation between NOSE score and NR, MCA, NCV, EV, IV, NPRe and NPRi（P<0.05）, but no correlation between nose score and MD（P>0.05）. Conclusion:The subjective NOSE scale combined with nasal function test has certain clinical reference value in evaluating the surgical effect of patients with deviated nasal septum.
目的：利用鼻阻塞症状（nasal obstruction symptom evaluation，NOSE）评分量表及鼻功能检查探讨患者行鼻中隔成形术前术后的鼻腔通气情况变化，探讨患者主观鼻塞与鼻功能检查之间的相关性及临床应用价值。 方法：选取2021年12月至2023年4月的129例鼻中隔偏曲患者进行研究，所有患者均行鼻中隔成形术。对所有患者术前及术后3个月进行NOSE量表调查。应用鼻声反射、鼻阻力计及鼻呼吸量仪器，记录患者术前及术后双侧鼻腔最小横截面积（nasal minimal cross-sectional area，MCA）、鼻腔容积（nasal cavity volume，NCV）、鼻腔总阻力（nasal resistance，NR）、最小横截面积距前鼻孔的距离（the distance between the nostril to minimum cross-sectional area，MD）、鼻腔吸气量（nasal inspiratory volume，IV）、呼气量（nasal expiratory volume EV）、鼻呼吸气量差异比（the nasal partitioning ratio，NPR）包括吸气量差异比（NPRi）及呼气量差异比（NPRe）等客观指标。应用配对t检验比较分析各项指标术前、术后的变化，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05），以及利用Pearson相关直线分析主客观指标之间的相关性。 结果：129例患者术前、术后的NOSE评分、NCV、NR、MD、EV、IV、NPRe、NPRi均显示差异有统计学意义（P<0.05），仅术前、术后的MCA差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。术前NOSE评分与NR、NCV、EV、IV、NPRe、NPRi之间具有相关性（P<0.05），与MD、MCA之间不具有相关性（P>0.05）。术后NOSE评分与NR、MCA、NCV、EV、IV、NPRe、NPRi之间具有相关性（P<0.05），与MD之间不具有相关性（P>0.05）。 结论：NOSE量表联合鼻功能检查对于评估鼻中隔偏曲患者手术疗效具有一定的临床参考价值。.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to comprehensively review the improvement in nasal airway obstruction after secondary rhinoplasty for cleft lip.
METHODS: The search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases for relevant studies published within the past twenty years. Inclusion criteria encompassed patients undergoing secondary rhinoplasty with cleft lip nasal deformity and some evaluation of the nasal outcome.
RESULTS: A thorough analysis of available studies identified 29 articles that met the inclusion criteria for final assessment. Seven (24.1%) studies were classified as Therapeutic Ⅱ (T II) according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons level of evidence scale, while the majority were categorized as T III (17.2%), T IV (51.7%), and T V (6.9%). Subjective methods were employed in 21 articles to measure nasal ventilation outcomes, whereas 8 studies utilized objective methods. Overall findings from all included studies consistently indicated an improvement in nasal ventilation post-surgery.
CONCLUSIONS: Although there is no consensus regarding the impact of secondary rhinoplasty on nasal airway obstruction in cleft lip patients, this review suggests that it can effectively alleviate such obstructions. We conducted an anatomical analysis to investigate the impact of various surgical techniques on nasal ventilation to provide recommendations for postoperative ventilation assessment.

BACKGROUND: Hypoxia and mouth breathing are closely related to maxillofacial bone metabolism and are characteristic of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Being key factors in the hypoxia response, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and HIF-responsive gene vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are essential for bone remodeling. This study focuses on the role of the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway in alveolar bone metabolism during OSAHS.
METHODS: 36 three-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: twelve control rats, twelve bilateral nasal obstructed (BNO) rats, twelve BNO rats treated with intraperitoneal injection of Dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG). After two weeks, the microstructure and bone mineral density (BMD) of alveolar bone were evaluated using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The expressions of HIF-1α and VEGF in the alveolar bone were then assessed via immunohistochemistry staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and Alizarin red S staining were performed to evaluate osteogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs).
RESULTS: Significant reductions in alveolar bone density were noted in BNO rats. Bilateral nasal obstruction increased the expressions of HIF-1α and VEGF in alveolar bone. With upregulation of HIF-1α/VEGF via DMOG, alveolar bone density of BNO rats increased. Furthermore, DMOG promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by stabilizing the HIF-1α protein and increasing the expression of VEGF.
CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral nasal obstruction changes alveolar bone structure and leads to a reduction in alveolar bone density. Moreover, the expression of the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway increases to protect alveolar bone density reduction in BNO rats.

BACKGROUND: Spindle cell tumors are rare and can occur in any organ or tissue. Due to their rarity the clinicopathological features and diagnostic protocols have not been adequately studied. However, it has become necessary to develop differential diagnosis of spindle cell tumors. Here, we report a case of a nasal spindle cell tumor diagnosed at our hospital in attempt to contribute to this gap in literature.
UNASSIGNED: A male in his 30s was admitted to our hospital with nasal obstruction that had persisted for several years. Electronic fibrolaryngoscopy revealed a smooth neoplasm within the nasal cavity.
UNASSIGNED: The results of this case emphasize that spindle cell tumors have large morphological variations, and it is difficult to determine the origin of tumor cells using hematoxylin and eosin staining alone. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the immunohistochemistry and combine it with clinical symptoms to diagnose the disease.

Objective: To observe the functional and esthetic results of endoscope-assisted septo-rhinoplasty via intranasal approach. Methods: The clinical data of 12 patients with septal deviation and nasal deformity in the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital from June 2021 to June 2022 were analyzed, including 8 males and 4 females, aging 28 to 58 years. All patients were operated under general anesthesia. The septal deviation was corrected by hemitransfixion incision, combined with intercartilaginous incision and other intranasal or extranasal incisions to perform osteotomy, hump resection and saddle nose correction. Patient satisfaction with postoperative functional and aesthetic improvements was assessed through Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE), Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).SPSS 25 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: The correction of nasal septum deviation was satisfactory in all 12 patients. Nasal obstruction was relieved, with NOSE score and VAS score of nasal ventilation decreased [(21.67±10.30) vs (70.83±14.12), (1.83±1.03) vs (8.33±0.89), t value was 9.49 and 16.30, respectively, both P<0.05]. The nasal appearance of 10 patients with crooked nose deformity was improved, with ROE score and VAS score of nasal appearance increased [(21.30±2.31) vs (8.10±3.31), (8.90±0.99) vs (3.80±1.62), t value was -11.85 and -9.33, respectively, both P<0.05];The nasal vestibule morphology of 2 patients with abnormal nasal vestibule was improved. During the follow-up of 12 to 24 months, no postoperative complication such as nasal septum perforation, nasal cavity adhesion or nasal dorsal collapse occurred in all patients. Conclusion: Endoscope-assisted septo-rhinoplasty via intranasal approach can resolve both functional and esthetic problems at the same time, improving outcomes while reducing surgical trauma.
目的： 观察鼻内入路鼻内镜辅助下鼻-鼻中隔整形术的临床疗效。 方法： 收集2021年6月至2022年6月就诊于香港大学深圳医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科的12例鼻中隔偏曲合并外鼻形态异常患者的临床资料，其中男性8例，女性4例，年龄28~58岁。所有患者均于全身麻醉下进行手术，采取鼻内半贯通切口矫正鼻中隔偏曲，同时依据病情需要联合软骨间切口、下鼻甲前缘切口等，行截骨、驼峰矫正、鞍鼻矫正等手术操作。分别采用鼻阻塞症状评估量表（Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation，NOSE）、鼻整形结果评估量表（Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation，ROE）、视觉模拟量表（VAS）评估患者对术后鼻塞及鼻外形改善的满意程度。采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析。 结果： 全部12例患者术后鼻中隔偏曲矫正满意，鼻塞程度显著减轻。鼻通气NOSE评分及VAS评分均降低［（21.67±10.30）分比（70.83±14.12）分，（1.83±1.03）分比（8.33±0.89）分，t值分别为9.49、16.30，P值均<0.05］。10例合并歪鼻畸形的患者鼻外形明显改善，鼻外形ROE评分及VAS评分均提高［（21.30±2.31）分比（8.10±3.31）分，（8.90±0.99）分比（3.80±1.62）分，t值分别为-11.85、-9.33，P值均<0.05］。2例合并鼻前庭形态异常的患者鼻前庭形态改善。随访12~24个月，均未出现鼻中隔穿孔、鼻腔粘连、鼻背塌陷等并发症。 结论： 通过鼻内入路鼻内镜辅助下鼻-鼻中隔整形术，可同期改善患者的鼻腔通气功能及鼻形态，在减少手术创伤的同时让患者受益。.

We describe the presentation and treatment of the first reported case of a nasopharyngeal pleomorphic lipoma. The mass was successfully treated with a combined endoscopic trans-oral surgical excision approach by using low temperature-controlled plasma technology, resulting in optimal patient outcomes. Laryngoscope, 134:2710-2712, 2024.

BACKGROUND: Fractures in the pyriform buttress area adversely affect facial appearance and nasal airway patency. Nasal airway function has received less attention than aesthetic problems in the literature. This retrospective study classified the different fracture types in this area and determined their impact on nasal airway function.
UNASSIGNED: Three-dimensional computed tomography images of patients with fractures in the pyriform buttress area were analyzed to identify the exact fracture pattern. The nasal airway functions were evaluated and compared between patients with different fracture patterns using acoustic rhinometry, rhinomanometry, and the nasal obstruction symptom evaluation scale.
RESULTS: Overall, 47 patients, including 16 with type I fractures (high fracture line; group I), 16 with type II fractures (intermediate fracture line; group II), and 15 with type III fractures (low fracture line; group III), were included in the study. The mean minimal cross-sectional area (MCA), total nasal inspiratory resistance (Tri) and total nasal expiratory resistance (Tre) of group I were 0.51 ± 0.06 cm2, 1.67 ± 0.11 kPa L-1 s-1, and 1.66 ± 0.12 kPa L-1 s-1, respectively; those of group II were 0.48 ± 0.07 cm2, 1.89 ± 0.15 kPa L-1 s-1, and 1.88 ± 0.14 kPa L-1 s-1, respectively; and those of group III were 0.36 ± 0.04 cm2, 1.94 ± 0.21 kPa L-1 s-1, and 2.01 ± 0.34 kPa L-1 s-1, respectively. The nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) scale scores for groups I, II, and III were 7.188, 9.813, and 13.27, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the severity of the nasal airway obstruction depends on the displacement of the fractured bones in patients with fractures in the pyriform buttress area. The most profound nasal obstruction occurs in patients with the lowest fracture line.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) disease control is a global metric of disease status for CRS. While there is broad acceptance that it is an important treatment goal, there has been inconsistency in the criteria used to define CRS control. The objective of this study was to identify and develop consensus around essential criteria for assessment of CRS disease control.
METHODS: Modified Delphi methodology consisting of three rounds to review a list of 24 possible CRS control criteria developed by a 12-person steering committee. The core authorship of the multidisciplinary EPOS 2020 guidelines was invited to participate.
RESULTS: Thirty-two individuals accepted the invitation to participate and there was no dropout of participants throughout the entire study (3 rounds). Consensus essential criteria for assessment of CRS control were: overall symptom severity, need for CRS-related systemic corticosteroids in the prior 6 months, severity of nasal obstruction, and patient-reported CRS control. Near-consensus items were: nasal endoscopy findings, severity of smell loss, overall quality of life, impairment of normal activities and severity of nasal discharge. Participants’ comments provided insights into caveats of, and disagreements related to, near-consensus items.
CONCLUSIONS: Overall symptom severity, use of CRS-related systemic corticosteroids, severity of nasal obstruction, and patient-reported CRS control are widely agreed upon essential criteria for assessment of CRS disease control. Consideration of near-consensus items to assess CRS control should be implemented with their intrinsic caveats in mind. These identified consensus CRS control criteria, together with evidence-based support, will provide a foundation upon which CRS control criteria with wide-spread acceptance can be developed.