作为必不可少的神经化学信使,神经递质在维持哺乳动物的正常生理过程中起着不可或缺的作用。神经递质活动异常与一系列神经系统疾病有关,包括帕金森病,老年痴呆症,和亨廷顿病。迄今为止,许多研究已经测试了检测神经递质的不同方法,然而,在大脑中检测到这些物质,由于大脑的复杂环境和神经递质的快速代谢,仍然具有挑战性和活跃的研究领域。显然需要开发新的神经递质感测技术,其能够快速和灵敏地监测脑内的特定分析物,而不会不利地影响植入它们的局部微环境。由于他们出色的灵敏度,便携性,易用性,对微加工的适应性,成本低,电化学传感器方法在神经递质监测方面得到了广泛的研究。本次审查,因此,调查了该研究领域的最新进展,讨论开发的能够检测多巴胺(DA)的电化学神经递质传感器,5-羟色胺(5-HT),乙酰胆碱(Ach),谷氨酸(Glu),一氧化氮(NO),腺苷(ADO),等等。在这些技术中,那些基于碳纳米结构的修饰电极,包括碳纳米管(CNT),石墨烯(GR),gaphdiyne(GDY),碳纳米纤维(CNFs),及其衍生物由于其优异的生物相容性和电催化性能而具有特别的前景。这些技术和相关技术的持续发展是,因此,可能导致神经系统疾病的临床诊断及其新型生物标志物的检测的重大进展。
As essential neurological chemical messengers, neurotransmitters play an integral role in the maintenance of normal mammalian physiology. Aberrant neurotransmitter activity is associated with a range of neurological conditions including Parkinson\'s disease, Alzheimer\'s disease, and Huntington\'s disease. Many studies to date have tested different approaches to detecting neurotransmitters, yet the detection of these materials within the brain, due to the complex environment of the brain and the rapid metabolism of neurotransmitters, remains challenging and an area of active research. There is a clear need for the development of novel neurotransmitter sensing technologies capable of rapidly and sensitively monitoring specific analytes within the brain without adversely impacting the local microenvironment in which they are implanted. Owing to their excellent sensitivity, portability, ease-of-use, amenability to microprocessing, and low cost, electrochemical sensors methods have been widely studied in the context of neurotransmitter monitoring. The present review, thus, surveys current progress in this research field, discussing developed electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors capable of detecting dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), acetylcholine (Ach), glutamate (Glu), nitric oxide (NO), adenosine (ADO), and so on. Of these technologies, those based on carbon nanostructures-modified electrodes including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene (GR), gaphdiyne (GDY), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and derivatives thereof hold particular promise owing to their excellent biocompatibility and electrocatalytic performance. The continued development of these and related technologies is, thus, likely to lead to major advances in the clinical diagnosis of neurological diseases and the detection of novel biomarkers thereof.