由于基因组中编码的资源有限,病毒缺乏独立复制的特性;因此,他们劫持宿主细胞机器来复制和生存。微小核糖核酸病毒通过称为内部核糖体进入位点(IRES)的特定序列获得有效蛋白质合成的先决条件。在过去的20年里,在鉴定小核糖核酸病毒中不同类型的IRES方面取得了重大进展。这篇综述将讨论与促进或抑制微小核糖核酸病毒翻译和复制的五种不同类型的IRES和各种内部核糖体进入位点反式作用因子(ITAFs)相关的过去和现在的发现。一些IRES效率低下,因此需要ITAF。为了实现他们的全部效率,他们招募不同的ITAFs,使他们能够更有效地翻译,除了IV型IRES,这不需要任何ITAFs。虽然有两种ITAFs,一个促进病毒IRES依赖的翻译,第二种限制。微小核糖核酸病毒IRES根据其序列的使用分为五种类型,ITAFs,和启动因素。一些ITAF通过定位于细胞质中的病毒复制工厂来调节IRES活性。此外,一些药物,化学品,和草药提取物还调节病毒IRES依赖性翻译和复制。总之,这篇综述将阐述我们对IRES依赖的微小核糖核酸病毒翻译和复制的过去和最新进展的理解。重要性小牛科分为68属和158种。属于这个家族的病毒范围从公共卫生的重要性,如脊髓灰质炎病毒,肠道病毒A71和甲型肝炎病毒,对具有重要经济意义的动物病毒,如口蹄疫病毒。小核糖核酸病毒的基因组包含5个非翻译区(5个UTR),具有关键和高度结构化的茎环,称为IRES。IRES组装核糖体并促进不依赖帽的翻译。病毒-宿主相互作用是研究人员研究的热点,这需要深入了解更好地理解病毒的发病机制,并发现新的工具和方法来限制病毒,以改善人类和动物的健康。大多数小核糖核酸病毒中的帽无关翻译是由ITAFs调节的,绑定到各个IRES区域以启动翻译。ITAFs的发现大大有助于理解病毒复制行为,并比以往任何时候都更有效地增强了我们对病毒-宿主相互作用的了解。这篇评论讨论了在Picornaviridae中发现的各种类型的IRES,关于ITAFs的过去和现在的发现,以及它们的作用机制。草药提取物,毒品,和化学品,这表明了它们在控制病毒方面的重要性,也进行了总结。此外,我们讨论了ITAFs从细胞核到病毒复制工厂的运动。我们相信这篇评论将刺激研究人员寻找更多新颖的ITAFs,毒品,草药提取物,和化学品,增强对病毒与宿主相互作用的理解。
Viruses lack the properties to replicate independently due to the limited resources encoded in their genome; therefore, they hijack the host cell machinery to replicate and survive. Picornaviruses get the prerequisite for effective protein synthesis through specific sequences known as internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs). In the past 2 decades, significant progress has been made in identifying different types of IRESs in picornaviruses. This review will discuss the past and current findings related to the five different types of IRESs and various internal ribosome entry site trans-acting factors (ITAFs) that either promote or suppress picornavirus translation and replication. Some IRESs are inefficient and thus require ITAFs. To achieve their full efficiency, they recruit various ITAFs, which enable them to translate more effectively and efficiently, except type IV IRES, which does not require any ITAFs. Although there are two kinds of ITAFs, one promotes viral IRES-dependent translation, and the second type restricts. Picornaviruses IRESs are classified into five types based on their use of sequence, ITAFs, and initiation factors. Some ITAFs regulate IRES activity by localizing to the viral replication factories in the cytoplasm. Also, some drugs, chemicals, and herbal extracts also regulate viral IRES-dependent translation and replication. Altogether, this review will elaborate on our understanding of the past and recent advancements in the IRES-dependent translation and replication of picornaviruses. IMPORTANCE The family Picornaviridae is divided into 68 genera and 158 species. The viruses belonging to this family range from public health importance, such as poliovirus, enterovirus A71, and hepatitis A virus, to animal viruses of great economic importance, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus. The genomes of picornaviruses contain 5\' untranslated regions (5\' UTRs), which possess crucial and highly structured stem-loops known as IRESs. IRES assemble the ribosomes and facilitate the cap-independent translation. Virus-host interaction is a hot spot for researchers, which warrants deep insight into understanding viral pathogenesis better and discovering new tools and ways for viral restriction to improve human and animal health. The cap-independent translation in the majority of picornaviruses is modulated by ITAFs, which bind to various IRES regions to initiate the translation. The discoveries of ITAFs substantially contributed to understanding viral replication behavior and enhanced our knowledge about virus-host interaction more effectively than ever before. This review discussed the various types of IRESs found in Picornaviridae, past and present discoveries regarding ITAFs, and their mechanism of action. The herbal extracts, drugs, and chemicals, which indicated their importance in controlling viruses, were also summarized. In addition, we discussed the movement of ITAFs from the nucleus to viral replication factories. We believe this review will stimulate researchers to search for more novel ITAFs, drugs, herbal extracts, and chemicals, enhancing the understanding of virus-host interaction.