UNASSIGNED: A predictive model of community-acquired pressure injury (CAPI) was established and validated to allow the early identification of the risk of pressure injuries by family caregivers and community workers.
UNASSIGNED: The participants were hospitalized patients 65 years and older from two branches of a tertiary hospital in China, one for model training set and the other for validation set. This study was a case-control study based on hospital electronic medical records. According to the presence of pressure injury at admission, patients were divided into a case group and a control group. In the model training set, LASSO regression was used to select the best predictors, and then logistic regression was used to construct a nomogram. The performance of the model was evaluated by drawing the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and calculating the area under the curve (AUC), calibration analysis, and decision curve analysis. The model used a 10-fold crossover for internal and external validation.
UNASSIGNED: The study included a total of 20,235 subjects, including 11,567 in the training set and 8668 in the validation set. The prevalence of CAPI in the training and validation sets was 2.5% and 1.8%, respectively. A nomogram was constructed including eight variables: age ≥ 80, malnutrition status, cerebrovascular accidents, hypoproteinemia, respiratory failure, malignant tumor, paraplegia/hemiplegia, and dementia. The AUC of the prediction model in the original model, internal validation, and external validation were 0.868 (95% CI: 0.847, 0.890), mean 0.867, and 0.840 (95% CI: 0.807,03.873), respectively. The nomogram showed acceptable calibration and clinical benefit.
UNASSIGNED: We constructed a nomogram to predict CAPI from the perspective of comorbidity that is suitable for use by non-specialists. This nomogram will help family caregivers and community workers with the early identification of PI risks.

Managing medicine shortages consumes ample time of pharmacists worldwide. This study aimed to explore the strategies and resources being utilized by community pharmacists to tackle a typical shortage problem. Qualitative face-to-face interviews were conducted. A total of 31 community pharmacists from three cities (Lahore, Multan, and Dera Ghazi Khan) in Pakistan were sampled, using a purposive approach. All interviews were audio taped, transcribed verbatim, and subjected to thematic analysis. The analysis yielded five broad themes and eighteen subthemes. The themes highlighted (1) the current scenarios of medicine shortages in a community setting, (2) barriers encountered during the shortage management, (3) impacts, (4) corrective actions performed for handling shortages and (4) future interventions. Participants reported that medicine shortages were frequent. Unethical activities such as black marketing, stockpiling, bias distribution and bulk purchasing were the main barriers. With respect to managing shortages, maintaining inventories was the most common proactive approach, while the recommendation of alternative drugs to patients was the most common counteractive approach. Based on the findings, management strategies for current shortages in community pharmacies are insufficient. Shortages would continue unless potential barriers are addressed through proper monitoring of the sale and consumption of drugs, fair distribution, early communication, and collaboration.

OBJECTIVE: To collect information about the current status of community nurses in China and explore the roles and activities that they perform in their daily community setting.
BACKGROUND: Community health services are central to efforts to improve public health in China. Clarifying who performs which community nursing services can help assess the contributions of community nursing and guide future practices. However, specific information is limited in China.
METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to November 2014. Information was collected on demographics, work roles, and activities of community nurses.
RESULTS: Most community nurses in our survey were young with a low educational level. Their daily routine most frequently involved immunization and basic medical services, while their main roles were caregiver, educator, organiser and manager.
CONCLUSIONS: Although community nurses cover nearly all areas of service that the national government requires, some roles and their associated activities are neglected. The quantity and quality of community nurses may be hindering their ability to fulfill all roles and activities envisioned by the national government.
CONCLUSIONS: Further training should be provided to increase the ability of community nurses to perform frequent functions as well as activities that are currently neglected.