尽管疫苗在对抗病毒病原体中的重要作用,有效的疫苗仍然无法用于许多传染病。在大流行爆发期间,疫苗的重要性怎么强调都不为过,例如2019年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行。对基因组学的理解,结构生物学,和先天/适应性免疫扩展了可用于当前疫苗开发的工具包。然而,突如其来的爆发和对人群水平免疫的要求在今天的疫苗设计中仍然构成了巨大的挑战。根据以前的经验制定了完善的疫苗开发方案,以指导新兴病毒性疾病的疫苗开发流程。然而,在大流行期间,疫苗开发可能遵循不同的范式。例如,多种候选疫苗必须同时推进临床试验,制造能力必须在早期阶段扩大。从安全的基本特征的因素,功效,制造,根据材料科学和工程技术的进步,考虑了管理方法的分布。在这次审查中,我们通过专注于疫苗发现来介绍疫苗开发的最新进展,配方,和通过替代管理方法启用的输送装置。我们希望通过使用生物材料,为更快更好的疫苗开发策略开发更好的解决方案,生物分子工程,纳米技术,和微加工技术。
Despite the vital role of vaccines in fighting viral pathogens, effective vaccines are still unavailable for many infectious diseases. The importance of vaccines cannot be overstated during the outbreak of a pandemic, such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The understanding of genomics, structural biology, and innate/adaptive immunity have expanded the toolkits available for current vaccine development. However, sudden outbreaks and the requirement of population-level immunization still pose great challenges in today\'s vaccine designs. Well-established vaccine development protocols from previous experiences are in place to guide the pipelines of vaccine development for emerging viral diseases. Nevertheless, vaccine development may follow different paradigms during a pandemic. For example, multiple vaccine candidates must be pushed into clinical trials simultaneously, and manufacturing capability must be scaled up in early stages. Factors from essential features of safety, efficacy, manufacturing, and distributions to administration approaches are taken into consideration based on advances in materials science and engineering technologies. In this review, we present recent advances in vaccine development by focusing on vaccine discovery, formulation, and delivery devices enabled by alternative administration approaches. We hope to shed light on developing better solutions for faster and better vaccine development strategies through the use of biomaterials, biomolecular engineering, nanotechnology, and microfabrication techniques.