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In the past decade, SETBP1 has attracted a lot of interest on that the same gene with different type or level (germline or somatic) of variants could provoke different pathologic consequences such as Schinzel-Giedon syndrome, SETBP1 Haploinsufficiency Disorder (SETBP1-HD) and myeloid malignancies. Whole exome sequencing was conducted to detect the etiology of a pregnant woman with mental retardation. As a new oncogene and potential marker of myeloid malignancies, somatic SETBP1 variants in other cancers were rarely studied. We performed a pan-cancer analysis of SETBP1 gene in different cancers for the first time.
A novel heterozygous mutation of the SETBP1 gene (c.1724_1727del, p.D575Vfs*4) was found in the patient and the fetus and the mutation was predicted to result in a truncated protein. Reduced SETBP1 expression was associated with SETBP1-HD. The pan-cancer analysis of SETBP1 showed that SETBP1 overexpression should be given special attention in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma (BLCA) and Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD).
The de novo SETBP1 mutation was the genetic cause of SETBP1-HD in the family. BLCA and STAD might be related to SETBP1 overexpression.

Since the pandemic\'s onset, a growing population of individuals has recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection and its long-term effects in some of the convalescents are gradually being reported. Although the precise etiopathogenesis of post-acute COVID-19 sequelae (PACS) remains elusive, the mainly accepted rationale is that SARS-CoV-2 exerts long-lasting immunomodulatory effects, promotes chronic low-grade inflammation, and causes irreversible tissue damage. So far, several viruses have been causally linked to human oncogenesis, whereas chronic inflammation and immune escape are thought to be the leading oncogenic mechanisms. Excessive cytokine release, impaired T-cell responses, aberrant activation of regulatory signaling pathways (e.g., JAK-STAT, MAPK, NF-kB), and tissue damage, hallmarks of COVID-19 disease course, are also present in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, the intersection of COVID-19 and cancer is partially recognized and the long-term effects of the virus on oncogenesis and cancer progression have not been explored yet. Herein, we present an up-to-date review of the current literature regarding COVID-19 and cancer cross-talk, as well as the oncogenic pathways stimulated by SARS-CoV-2.

Colon adenocarcinoma is one of the tumors with the highest mortality rate, and tumorigenesis or development of colon adenocarcinoma is the major reason leading to patient death. However, the molecular mechanism and biomarker to predict tumor progression are currently unclear. With the goal of understanding the molecular mechanism and tumor progression, we utilized the TCGA database to identify differentially expressed genes. After identifying the differentially expressed genes among colon adenocarcinoma tissues with different expression levels of LGR4 and normal tissue, protein-protein interaction, gene ontology, pathway enrichment, gene set enrichment analysis, and immune cell infiltration analysis were conducted. Here, the top 10 hub genes, i.e., ALB, F2, APOA2, CYP1A1, SPRR2B, APOA1, APOB, CYP3A4, SST, and GCG, were identified, and relative correlation analysis was conducted. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that higher expression of LGR4 correlates with overall survival of colon adenocarcinoma patients, although expression levels of LGR4 in normal tissues are higher than in tumor tissues. Further functional analysis demonstrated that higher expression of LGR4 in colon adenocarcinoma may be linked to up-regulate metabolism-related pathways, for example, the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. These results were confirmed by gene set enrichment analysis. Immune cell infiltration analysis clearly showed that the infiltration percentage of T cells was significantly higher than other immune cells, and TIMER analysis revealed a positive correlation between T-cell infiltration and LGR4 expression. Finally, COAD cancer cells, Caco-2, were employed to be incubated with squalene and 25-hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate, and relative experimental results confirmed that the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway involved in modulating the proliferation of COAD tumorigenesis. Our investigation revealed that LGR4 can be an emerging diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for colon adenocarcinoma by affecting metabolism-related pathways.

Asymmetric cell division (ACD) gives rise to two daughter cells with different fates after mitosis and is a fundamental process for generating cell diversity and for the maintenance of the stem cell population. The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory suggests that CSCs with dysregulated self-renewal and asymmetric cell division serve as a source of intra-tumoral heterogeneity. This heterogeneity complicates the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients, because CSCs can give rise to aggressive clones that are metastatic and insensitive to multiple drugs, or to dormant tumor cells that are difficult to detect. Here, we review the regulatory mechanisms and biological significance of asymmetric division in tumor cells, with a focus on ACD-induced tumor heterogeneity in early tumorigenesis and cancer progression. We will also discuss how dissecting the relationship between ACD and cancer may help us find new approaches for combatting this heterogeneity.

Accurate regulation of cell cycle is important for normal tissue development and homeostasis. RCC2 (Regulator of Chromosome Condensation 2) play a role as chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) implicated in all cell cycle phases. RCC2 was initially identified as Ran guanine exchange factor (GEF) for small G proteins. Therefore, RCC2 plays a key role in oncogenesis of most cancers. RCC2 is implicated in Colorectal Cancer (CRC), Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD), breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. Expression level of RCC2 protein determines regulation of tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and radio-chemotherapeutic resistance. In this review, we explored proteins that interact with RCC2 to modulate tumor development and cancer therapeutic resistance by regulation of cell cycle process through various signaling pathways.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1), a molecular chaperone, is a major member of the mitochondrial heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) family. Studies have shown that TRAP1 can prevent hypoxia-induced damage to cardiomyocytes, maintain cardiomyocytes viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, and protect cardiomyocytes. In addition, it can also protect astrocytes from ischemic damage in vitro. In recent years, there have been many new discoveries in tumors. The abnormal expression of TRAP1 is closely related to the occurrence and development of various tumors. TRAP1 protein seems to be a central regulatory protein, involved in the activation of various oncogenic proteins and signaling pathways, and has a balanced function at tumor transformation and the intersection of different metabolic processes. Targeting its chaperone activity and molecular interactions can destroy the metabolism and survival adaptability of tumor cells, paving the way for the development of highly selective mitochondrial anti-tumor drugs. Moreover, the combination of TRAP1 inhibition and current traditional cancer therapies has shown promising applications. These findings have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Therefore, we reviewed the recently identified functions of the molecular chaperone TRAP1 in cancer development and progression, as well as the discovery and recent advances in selective TRAP1 inhibitors as anticancer drug therapies, opening up new attractive prospects for exploring strategies for targeting TRAP1 as a tumor cell target.

tRNA-derived small RNAs (tRFs), a kind of noncoding RNAs, are generated from transfer RNAs. tRFs have some types according to their source and sizes. They play important roles in cell life and carcinogenesis. In this paper, we review the biogenesis and biological properties. We also focus on current progress of tRFs and some tsRNAs such as tRF-Leu-CAG, which have been studied or will be further investigated in tumorgenesis and diagnostic biomarkers in the clinic.

This study aimed to investigate the role of circRNAs encoded by PPARα in regulating the pathogenesis processes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Comprehensive analysis of 3 circular RNA databases revealed multiple circular RNAs within the PPARα gene. The candidate circRNAs were first structurally validated via specific convergent and divergent primer amplification, RNase R treatment, and Sanger sequencing. According to a further validation of the cell viability assay, cell cycle and apoptosis, and transwell assays, the circRNAs correlated to PPARα were obtained. Their functions in tumorigenesis were further validated via the subcutaneous tumor model and the migration model in nude mice. We showed that the overexpression of circ5379-6 decreased cell proliferation, inhibited cell migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis in the HCC cell lines. Consistently, in vivo studies in nude mice confirmed that the overexpression of circ5379-6 effectively inhibited the tumorigenesis and metastasis of HCC. We conclude that circ5379-6 plays a role similar to its linear counterpart PPARα to inhibit HCC tumorigenesis and progression.

Transcription factor forkhead box Q1 (FOXQ1), a member of the forkhead box superfamily, has been involved in various biological processes and plays important roles in tumor initiation and progression. The FOXQ1 protein activated transcription of target genes directly by binding to the promoters of target genes or indirectly by interacting with other transcription factors. FOXQ1 affected the initiation, progression, invasion, and metastasis of many kinds of tumor by promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, regulating cell cycle, promoting cell proliferation, regulating senescence-associated inflammation, and activating many cellular signal pathways. In this review, we have focused on the possible molecular mechanisms for FOXQ1 gene in tumor initiation and progression. Medline literature review related to this subject was performed by the electronically retrieval with the keywords \"forkhead box Q1\" and \"tumor\" on PubMed for including previous publications, and then, it further reviewed reference articles on the biological function of FOXQ1 gene and target genes transcription directly regulated by FOXQ1.