UNASSIGNED: In this retrospective pharmacovigilance study, we gathered data on drug-induced posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Our goal was to identify the primary suspect drugs in PRES by analyzing the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) database.
UNASSIGNED: We identified and analyzed reports of PRES listed in the FAERS database between 2004 and 2021. Using the reporting odds ratio and 95% confidence interval, we evaluated the safety signals for each of the drugs associated with PRES.
UNASSIGNED: We reviewed 11,077 reports of adverse events corresponding to PRES. The primary suspect drug categories were antineoplastics, immunosuppressants, and glucocorticoids. PRES was 24.77% more likely to occur in females than in males. Drug-induced PRES usually occurs in individuals with cancer, those who have undergone an organ/stem cell transplant, and those with autoimmune conditions.
UNASSIGNED: Our results show that the drugs most commonly suspected to cause PRES were antineoplastics, immunosuppressants, and glucocorticoids. Future studies are needed to illuminate the pathophysiological alterations that underlie PRES. In the meantime, prescribers and patients should be made aware of the potential risks of PRES associated with pharmaceutical therapy, and the summaries of product characteristics for individual drugs should be updated to include this information.

BACKGROUND: During the past 3 years of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, COVID-19 has been recognized to cause various neurological complications, including rare posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). In previously reported cases of PRES associated with COVID-19, the majority of patients had severe COVID-19 infection and known predisposing factors for PRES, such as uncontrolled hypertension, renal dysfunction, and use of immunosuppressants. It remains unclear whether these risk factors or infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contributes to the development of PRES in these patients. Here we report a special case of PRES associated with COVID-19 without any known risk factors for PRES, indicating the SARS-CoV-2\'s direct role in the pathogenesis of PRES associated with COVID-19.
METHODS: An 18-year-old female patient presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain. Preliminary investigations showed no abnormalities, except for positive results in novel coronavirus nucleic acid tests using oropharyngeal swabs. However, the patient subsequently developed tonic-clonic seizures, headaches, and vomiting on the second day. Extensive investigations have been performed, including brain MRI and lumbar puncture. Brain MRI showed hypointense T1-weighted and hyperintense T2-weighted lesions in the bilateral occipital, frontal, and parietal cortices without enhancement effect. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid analyses yielded negative results. The patient had no hypertension, renal insufficiency, autoimmune disease, or the use of immunosuppressants or cytotoxic drugs.
METHODS: PRES was diagnosed based on the clinical features and typical MRI findings of PRES.
METHODS: Symptomatic treatments such as anticonvulsants were administered to the patients.
RESULTS: The patient fully recovered within 1 week. The initial MRI abnormalities also disappeared completely on a second MR examination performed 11 days later, supporting the diagnosis of PRES. The patient was followed up for 6 months and remained in a normal state.
CONCLUSIONS: The current case had no classical risk factors for PRES, indicating that although the cause of PRES in COVID-19 patients may be multifactorial, the infection of SARS-CoV-2 may play a direct role in the pathogenesis of PRES associated with COVID-19.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare clinical disease, which has been seen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Its main manifestations are seizure, headache and other neurological symptoms. While the condition is reversible, if not treated in time, there can be risks of cerebral haemorrhage. We report here the case of a young patient with SLE who developed PRES after receiving the immunosuppressant, mycophenolate mofetil. Neurological symptoms, signs, or changes in a patient\'s condition that cannot be explained by lupus, should alert physicians to the possibility of the drug causing PRES, and prompt discontinuation should ensue.

Hereditary renal hypouricemia (RHUC) is a heterogenous disorder characterized by defective uric acid (UA) reabsorption resulting in hypouricemia and increased fractional excretion of UA. RHUC is an important cause of exercise-induced acute kidney injury (EIAKI), nephrolithiasis and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). We present here an unusual case of a patient with RHUC who presented with recurrent EIAKI and had two heterozygous mutations in the SLC2A9 gene.
A 43-year old man was admitted to our clinic because of bilateral loin pain, nausea and sleeplessness for 3 days after strenuous exercise. The laboratory results revealed increased levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (15 mmol/l) and serum creatinine (Scr) (450 μmol/l), while the UA level was extremely low at 0.54 mg/dl, and his fractional excretion of urate (FE-UA) was 108%. The patient had an episode of acute kidney injury after playing soccer approximately 20 years ago, and on routine physical examination, his UA was less than 0.50 mg/dl. In view of the marked hypouricemia and high FE-UA, a diagnosis of RHUC was suspected, which led us to perform mutational screening of the SLC22A12 and SLC2A9 genes. DNA sequencing revealed no mutation in SLC22A12 gene, but two heterozygous mutations in the SLC2A9 gene.
This is a rare report of a patient with RHUC2 due to the mutation of SLC2A9. And this unique symptom of EIAKI and decreased or normal serum concentrations of UA warrant more attention as an early cue of RHUC.

暂无摘要。

BACKGROUND: Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is clinically manifestations as a rapidly progressive renal failure and pathologically as crescentic and necrotizing lesions with infiltration of inflammatory cells in the glomeruli. Uremic encephalopathy (UE) usually develops in patients who are suffering from acute or chronic renal failure.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of renal disease complicated with seizures. Patients Two cases of anti-glomerular basement membrane type rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis complicated with seizures were reported.
METHODS: In case 1, a 40-year-old woman was hospitalized for the treatment of nausea, anorexia, and fever. On admission, she presented with elevated serum inflammatory indicators, moderate anemia, and advanced acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis. Her anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody in serum and renal tissues was found to be extremely high. She was finally diagnosed with anti-GBM disease. She was treated with a combination of corticosteroid pulse therapy, oral cyclophosphamide and prednisolone, and plasma exchange, while continued to require maintenance hemodialysis for end-stage kidney disease. During treatment, she suddenly suffered blindness, seizure, and consciousness disturbance. She was diagnosed as posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome subsided quickly after control of her hypertension and reinforcement of immunosuppressive treatment. In case 2, the patient also developed epileptic symptoms on the basis of GBM disease, and was given treatment similar to that of Case 1, so that the epileptic symptoms were controlled.
RESULTS: Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, especially when accompanied by cerebral hemorrhage, may lead to irreversible and lethal neurological abnormalities, and nephrologists should, therefore, be aware of the potential risk of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in patients with anti-GBM disease. We can discuss the current two cases in the light of the previous literature.

BACKGROUND: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare complication commonly associated with headache and acute changes in blood pressure that results from a variety of causes, culminating in vasogenic cerebral edema in the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain.
METHODS: We report here a woman who suffered from headache, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and cortical blindness in the late postpartum period.
METHODS: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.
METHODS: The patient was treated with amlodipine besylate tablets for hypertension, dehydration with mannitol and glycerin fructose, and antispasmodic treatment with sodium valproate and oxcarbazepine.
RESULTS: On day 2, the patient became conscious, headache and vision improved. One week later, symptoms and signs disappeared, blood pressure returned to normal, and brain MRI lesions disappeared in re-examination.
CONCLUSIONS: Eclampsia associated with PRES is reversible in most cases, but it is a serious and potentially life-threatening obstetric emergency. If adequate treatment is provided in a timely manner, most women will make a full recovery. Attention needs to be paid to timely and adequate treatment, as well as appropriate follow-up and support for patients with PRES.

Objective: To explore the clinical and imaging features of acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion(AESD) in children. Methods: For the case series study, 21 children with AESD from Peking University First Hospital, Provincial Children\'s Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Children\'s Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanxi Children\'s Hospital who were diagnosed and treated from October 2021 to July 2023 were selected. Clinical data were collected to summarize their clinical information, imaging, and laboratory tests, as well as treatment and prognostic characteristics. Descriptive statistical analysis was applicated. Results: Of the 21 cases with AESD, 11 were males and 10 were females, with the age of onset of 2 years and 6 months (1 year and 7 months, 3 years and 6 months). Of the 21 cases, 18 were typical cases with biphasic seizures. All typical cases had early seizures within 24 hours before or after fever onset. Among them, 16 cases had generalized seizures, 2 cases had focal seizures, and 7 cases reached the status epilepticus. Of the 21 cases, 3 atypical cases had late seizures in biphasic only. The late seizures in the 21 cases occurred on days 3 to 9. The types of late seizures included focal seizures in 12 cases, generalized seizures in 6 cases, and both focal and generalized seizures in 3 cases. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) test on days 3 to 11 showed reduced diffusion of subcortical white matter which was named \"bright tree sign\" in all cases. The diffuse cerebral atrophy predominantly presented in the front-parietal-temporal lobes was found in 19 cases between day 12 and 3 months after the onset of the disease. Among 21 cases, 20 had been misdiagnosed as autoimmune encephalitis, central nervous system infection, febrile convulsions, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome. All the cases received high-dose gammaglobulin and methylprednisolone pulse therapy with poor therapeutic effect. By July 2023, 18 cases were under follow-up. Among them, 17 cases were left with varying degrees of neurologic sequelae, including 11 cases with post-encephalopathic epilepsy; 1 recovered completely. Conclusions: AESD is characterized by biphasic seizures clinically and \"bright tree sign\" on DWI images. Symptomatic and supportive treatments are recommended. The immunotherapy is ineffective. The prognosis of AESD is poor, with a high incidence of neurological sequelae and a low mortality.
目的： 探讨儿童急性脑病伴双相发作及后期弥散降低（AESD）的临床与影像学特点。 方法： 病例系列研究，选择2021年10月至2023年7月北京大学第一医院、安徽省儿童医院、复旦大学附属儿科医院和山西省儿童医院就诊的21例AESD患儿作为研究对象。总结其临床资料包括影像学、实验室检查以及治疗情况和预后特点。运用描述性统计分析。 结果： 21例AESD患儿中男11例、女10例，起病年龄为2岁6月龄（1岁7月龄，3岁6月龄）。具有双相发作的典型病例18例，均为发热24 h内出现早期发作，其中16例为全面性发作、2例为局灶性发作，7例达惊厥持续状态。仅有双相中的晚期发作的非典型病例3例。21例患儿的晚期发作出现在病程的第3~9天，其中12例为局灶性发作、6例为全面性发作、3例有局灶和全面性两种发作形式。21例患儿在病程第3~11天头颅磁共振弥散加权成像（DWI）上均可见皮层下白质弥散受限，即“亮树征”。19例患儿在病程第12天至3个月存在额、顶、枕叶为主的弥漫性脑萎缩。20例患儿曾被误诊为自身免疫性脑炎、中枢神经系统感染、热性惊厥、可逆性后头部脑病综合征、急性播散性脑脊髓炎和偏侧惊厥-偏瘫-癫痫综合征。21例患儿均予糖皮质激素冲击及大剂量丙种球蛋白治疗，效果欠佳。至2023年7月，在访18例患儿中17例遗留不同程度的神经系统后遗症，其中11例存在脑病后癫痫；1例恢复正常。 结论： AESD以双相发作及影像学“亮树征”为特点，以对症、支持治疗为主，免疫治疗无肯定疗效。神经系统后遗症发生率高，病死率较低。.

暂无摘要。

OBJECTIVE: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a challenging clinical dilemma. A retrospective single-center study was performed to investigate the clinical features, risk factors, outcomes, and clinical determinants of the prognosis of PRES in SLE.
METHODS: A retrospective study was performed from January 2015 to December 2020. 19 episodes of lupus PRES and 19 episodes of non-lupus PRES were identified. 38 cases of patients presenting with neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) hospitalized during the same period were selected as controls. Survival status was acquired via outpatient and telephone follow-up in December 2022.
RESULTS: The clinical neurological presentation of PRES in lupus patients was similar to that of the non-SLE-related PRES and NPSLE populations. Nephritis-induced hypertension is the predominant trigger of PRES in SLE. Disease flare and renal failure-triggered PRES were identified in half of the patients with SLE. The mortality rate of lupus-related PRES during the 2‑year follow-up was 15.8%, the same as that of NPSLE. For patients with lupus-related PRES, multivariate analysis indicated that high diastolic blood pressure (OR =1.762, 95% CI: 1.031 ~ 3.012, p = 0.038), renal involvement (OR = 3.456, 95% CI: 0.894 ~ 14.012, p = 0.049), and positive proteinuria (OR = 1.231, 95% CI: 1.003 ~ 1.511, p = 0.047) were independent risk factors compared to NPSLE. A strong connection between the absolute counts of T and/or B cells and prognosis in lupus patients with neurological manifestations was found (p < 0.05). The lower the counts of T and/or B cells, the worse the prognosis.
CONCLUSIONS: Lupus patients with renal involvement and disease activity are more likely to develop PRES. The mortality rate of lupus-related PRES is similar to that of NPSLE. Focusing on immune balance might reduce mortality.
UNASSIGNED: HINTERGRUND UND ZIEL: Das Syndrom der posterioren reversiblen Enzephalopathie (PRES) bei systemischem Lupus erythematosus (SLE) stellt ein klinisches Dilemma und somit eine Herausforderung dar. In einer retrospektiven Einzelzentrumstudie wurden nun die klinischen Merkmale, Risikofaktoren, Ergebnisse und klinische Parameter für die Prognose des PRES bei SLE untersucht.
METHODS: Dazu wurde von Januar 2015 bis Dezember 2020 eine retrospektive Studie durchgeführt. Es wurden 19 Episoden von Lupus-PRES und 19 Episoden von Non-Lupus-PRES identifiziert. Als Kontrollen wurden 38 Fälle von Patienten ausgewählt, die sich mit neuropsychiatrischem Lupus (NPSLE) vorstellten und während des gleichen Zeitraums stationär aufgenommen wurden. Im Dezember 2022 wurde bei ambulanten und telefonischen Nachsorgeterminen der Überlebensstatus erhoben.
UNASSIGNED: Die klinisch-neurologischen Manifestationen des PRES bei Lupuspatienten waren ähnlich wie bei den Gruppen mit Non-Lupus-PRES und NPSLE. Vorherrschender Trigger des Lupus-PRES ist die nephritisinduzierte Hypertonie. Ein Schub der Erkrankung und ein durch Niereninsuffizienz getriggertes PRES wurden bei der Hälfte der Patienten mit SLE festgestellt. Die Mortalitätsrate des Lupus-PRES während des 2‑Jahres-Follow-up betrug 15,8%, der gleiche Wert wie bei NPSLE. Für Patienten mit Lupus-PRES zeigte die multivariate Analyse, dass ein hoher diastolischer Blutdruck (Odds Ratio, OR=1,762; 95%-Konfidenzintervall, 95%-KI: 1,031 ~ 3,012; p = 0,038), Nierenbeteiligung (OR = 3,456; 95%-KI: 0,894 ~ 14,012; p = 0,049) und Vorliegen einer Proteinurie (OR = 1,231; 95%-KI: 1,003 ~ 1,511; p = 0,047) unabhängige Risikofaktoren im Vergleich zum NPSLE darstellten. Es wurde ein starker Zusammenhang zwischen den absoluten Werten für T‑ und/oder B‑Zellen und der Prognose bei Lupuspatienten mit neurologischen Manifestationen festgestellt (p < 0,05). Je niedriger die Werte für T‑ und/oder B‑Zellen, umso schlechter die Prognose.
UNASSIGNED: Lupuspatienten mit Nierenbeteiligung und Krankheitsaktivität weisen eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Entstehung eines PRES auf. Die Mortalitätsrate des Lupus-PRES ist ähnlich wie die des NPSLE. Eine Fokussierung auf das Immungleichgewicht könnte die Mortalität reduzieren.