慢性鼻窦炎（CRS）的发病机制复杂，呈高度异质性。随着微生物组学与人体疾病研究的不断进展，微生物组参与CRS的发病受到越来越多的关注。现有研究认为，微生物组在CRS发病微环境中失平衡，进而影响鼻腔鼻窦免疫平衡、黏膜屏障及淋巴细胞分化，参与CRS的发生发展。进一步揭示微生物组与CRS发病机制的关系，将有利于为CRS的疾病预防、病情评估和临床治疗等提供新的视角。本文对近年来微生物组学与CRS发生和发展关系的相关研究进行综述。.

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in the South China region based on pathological tissue biomarkers for regional comparison. Methods: The study population consisted of CRS in-patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from October 2019 to June 2022. Among all the 181 cases, 123 of them were male and 58 were female, with an average age of 40. Retrospectively collected clinical data included demographic information, preoperative symptom scores, preoperative endoscopic images, preoperative paranasal sinus computed tomography scanning images, and inflammatory serological features. In addition, 52 variables of pathological tissue biomarkers including cytokines, chemokines and remodeling factors were collected for analysis. Cluster analysis was performed on the integrated data of training set through centroid-based clustering algorithm, and the inflammatory characteristics, post-operation control status, and airway diseases comorbidity of each endotype were analyzed. R project (version 4.2.2) was used in statistical analysis. Results: Cluster analysis divided 181 patients with CRS into 4 endotypes. Cluster 1 (n=101, 55.80%) showed a locally low inflammatory status. Cluster 2 (n=23, 12.71%) showed a mixed type of inflammation with predominantly neutrophilic inflammation and tissue remodeling. Cluster 3 (n=11, 6.08%) was characterized by type Ⅱ inflammation without tissue remodeling. Cluster 4 (n=46, 25.41%) was mainly characterized by type Ⅱ inflammation with tissue remodeling, showing higher comorbidity rate of asthma and allergic rhinitis. This cluster presented more severe symptoms, significant olfactory dysfunction, extensive overall inflammation based on objective examination results, a notable increase in total eosinophil count and proportion in peripheral blood, and the highest uncontrolled rate observed one year post-surgery. In comparison to other regions, the endotype classification of CRS in Southern China was characterized by a predominant pattern of locally low inflammatory status, a moderate level of type Ⅱ inflammation with tissue remodeling, and a lesser presence of neutrophilic inflammation. Conclusion: CRS distribution in Southern China is mainly characterized by low inflammatory endotype and type Ⅱ inflammation with tissue remodeling. The latter shows more severe clinical manifestations and higher uncontrol rate after surgery.
目的： 建立华南地区慢性鼻窦炎（CRS）内型分型模型，并与其他地区内型特征进行比较。 方法： 回顾性分析2019年10月至2022年6月就诊于中山大学附属第一医院的181例CRS患者的临床和随访信息（包括人口学资料、术前症状评分、鼻内镜资料、鼻窦影像学评分、血清学特征等19项临床数据），其中男性123例、女性58例，平均年龄40岁，并收集患者黏膜组织匀浆的52项生物标志物（如细胞因子、趋化因子和重塑因子等）检测数据。对训练集的生物标志物数据进行聚类分析，并对所得到的各内型分型的炎症特征、术后短期与长期控制情况、气道合并症发病率等结局变量进行分析。通过R软件（版本4.2.2）进行统计学分析。 结果： 聚类分析将181例CRS患者划分为4个分型。分型1（101例，55.80%）为局部低炎症水平型，分型2（23例，12.71%）为中性粒细胞性炎症为主的混合型炎症伴显著组织重塑型，分型3（11例，6.08%）为Ⅱ型炎症为主不伴显著组织重塑型，分型4（46例，25.41%）为Ⅱ型炎症为主伴显著组织重塑型。相较其他3型，分型4的哮喘和变应性鼻炎共病率高，症状更重，嗅觉减退更明显，CT与内镜评分结果提示鼻腔鼻窦整体炎症更广泛，外周血嗜酸粒细胞总数和比例显著升高，且术后1年的未控制率最高。相较其他地域，华南地区的CRS内型分型表现为局部低炎症型模式为主、Ⅱ型炎症型模式处于中等水平、中性粒细胞型炎症较少的特点。 结论： 华南地区CRS主要表现为局部低炎症型和Ⅱ型炎症伴显著组织重塑的内型特征，后者整体临床症状较严重，且术后控制情况较差。.

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本文报道了1例先天性鼻及鼻窦发育畸形的患儿。患儿女，14岁，因“自幼外鼻畸形，双侧鼻塞”入住北京同仁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科。患儿出生后出现喘憋，吃奶时呛咳，于我科诊断为鼻畸形、后鼻孔闭锁。术前对患儿全血进行全外显子基因检测。于全身麻醉下行鼻内镜下右鼻膜性后鼻孔闭锁开放术，术后效果良好。本文讨论了先天性鼻畸形的分类、发育畸形的原因及先天性后鼻孔闭锁的处理。.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) could significantly improve olfactory function among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of ESS on the olfactory bulb volume (OBV) among patients with CRS.
METHODS: A systemic search of PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and other databases was conducted to identify studies assessing OBV changes in patients with CRS after ESS utilizing magnetic resonance imaging.
RESULTS: A total of four studies with 168 participants were included. Comparing the changes in OBV of patients with CRS before and after surgery within 3-6 months, the ESS significantly improved the overall OBV (P = 0.005, I2 = 66%), with the left OBV increased by 5.57mm3 (P = 0.84, I2 = 0%), and the right OBV increased by 8.63mm3 (P = 0.09, I2 = 53%). A difference in OBV persists between healthy controls and patients with CRS 3-6 months after ESS. The overall OBV of patients with CRS after ESS was significantly smaller than controls (mean difference = -3.84, P = 0.04), with a mean difference of 4.13mm3 on the left side (P = 0.72, I2 = 0%), and a mean difference of 3.22mm3 on the right side (P = 0.0001, I2 = 89%).
CONCLUSIONS: ESS significantly increases the OBV among patients with CRS.

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) represents an uncommon spindle cell sarcoma predominantly situated within soft tissue, with a notably infrequent occurrence in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. In this report, we present a case involving a middle-aged male with a sizable solitary fibrous tumor affecting both the nasal and oral cavities.

Chronic rhinosinusitis （CRS） is a common chronic inflammatory disease in otorhinolaryngology, in which eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps represents the difficult-to-treat chronic rhinosinusitis （DTCRS） with poor prognosis. DTCRS has a poor prognosis, which seriously affects people\'s physical and mental health, and is treated with various means, including medication, biotherapy and surgery. In recent years, endoscopic sinus surgery and postoperative local administration of nasal hormones as one of its treatment methods have achieved good results. In this paper, we review the relevant literature at home and abroad and give an overview for the treatment means of surgery, focusing on the effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on the distributable range of postoperative nasal glucocorticosteroids in patients with DTCRS, and then on the postoperative efficacy of the treatment, with a view to providing a reference for the clinical treatment of DTCRS.
摘要: 慢性鼻窦炎（chronic rhinosinusitis，CRS）是耳鼻咽喉科常见的慢性炎性疾病，其中以嗜酸粒细胞型CRS伴鼻息肉为代表的难治性CRS（difficult-to-treat chronic rhinosinusitis，DTCRS）预后较差，严重影响着人们的身心健康。DTCRS的治疗手段多样，包括药物治疗、生物治疗及手术等。近年来，内镜下鼻窦手术和术后鼻用激素的局部给药作为其治疗手段之一，已取得较好成效。本文针对手术这一治疗手段，以内镜下鼻窦手术方式对DTCRS患者术后鼻用糖皮质激素可分布范围的影响，进而对术后疗效的影响为中心，回顾了国内外相关文献并加以综述，以期为DTCRS的临床治疗提供参考。.

报告中山大学附属第一医院耳鼻咽喉科2019年12月至2020年6月收治的3例累及眶颅的鼻窦骨化纤维瘤，均行手术治疗，其中1例为经眉弓内镜下切除，2例为经冠状切口+内镜辅助切除，术中完全切除肿瘤组织，并选用磷酸钙骨水泥行颅底和眶周重建。3例患者均达到完全切除，并一期行磷酸钙骨水泥颅底眶周重建，术后影像学复查提示肿瘤完全切除，颅底眶周修复完好，无视力下降、复视、脑脊液鼻漏等手术并发症。.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic disease with a high recurrence rate, and the aim of treating CRS is to maintain disease control. Recently, a series of CRS control instruments have been developed to assess the control levels. We pooled existing studies to evaluate the percentage of controlled CRS after treatment in patients with CRS.
METHODS: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane databases was conducted to identify studies assessing CRS control. Both comprehensive assessments and self-report of CRS control were included.
RESULTS: 9 studies with 1931 patients after treatment and 295 patients before treatment were included. CRS control assessments of the 2012 European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EPOS 2012), EPOS 2020, and Sinus Control Test (SCT) were comprehensive assessments utilized in the clinic practice. The self-report assessment included patient-reported global level of CRS control. These existing disease control instruments categorized patients into three (uncontrolled, partly controlled, and controlled) or five (not at all, a little, somewhat, very, and completely) control categories. Only 8% (95% CI 0.05-0.11) of patients with CRS stayed well controlled before treatment assessed by comprehensive assessments. About 35% (95% CI 0.22-0.49) of patients achieved well controlled after treatment when assessed by the comprehensive measures. Meanwhile, 40% (95% CI 0.28-0.52) of patients reported well controlled after treatment when using self-report.
CONCLUSIONS: About 35-40% of patients with CRS showed well controlled after treatment, which stressed the importance of identifying these undertreated patients with CRS.

BACKGROUND: Topical intranasal medication is required following functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). The optimal particle size of transnasal nebulization aimed at the sinonasal cavities is not conclusive. The current study aims to evaluate the effect of particle size and various surgery scope of middle turbinectomy (MT) on post-full FESS drug delivery to the sinonasal cavities.
METHODS: Sinonasal reconstructions were performed from post-full FESS CT scans in 6 chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) patients. Four additional models representing alternative surgery scopes of MT were established from each post-FESS reconstruction for simulation data comparison. Airflow and particle deposition of nebulized delivery were simulated via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and validated through in vitro experiments. The optimal particle sizes reaching a deposition of at least 75% of the maximum in the targeted regions were identified.
RESULTS: The drug deposition rate onto the targeted regions increased following MT, with the greatest deposition following posterior MT (P-MT). Droplets in the range of 18-26 μm reached a deposition of larger than 75% of the maximum onto the targeted regions. Drug delivery rate in the sinonasal cavities varied significantly among individuals and across different types of MT with varying surgical scopes.
CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to investigate the effect of various surgery scope on drug delivery by transnasal nebulization to the sinonasal cavities. The findings strongly affirm the vast potential of transnasal nebulization as an effective post-FESS treatment option. Moreover, it emphasizes that the drug delivery process via atomizers to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is highly sensitive to the particle size.