The objective of this study was to determine the ileal digestible energy (IDE), ME, and MEn of rice, broken rice, and rice bran. The birds were fed a standard starter diet from day 0 to 14 and experimental diets from day 15 to 21 after hatching. A total of 336 birds were grouped by BW and assigned to 7 diets, each diet comprised 8 replicates with 6 birds per replicate. The diets comprised a reference diet (RD) and 6 test diets (TD). The TD contained 2 levels of rice, broken rice or rice bran that partly replaced the energy sources in the RD at 120 or 240 g/kg (rice and broken rice) or 150 or 300 g/kg (rice bran). Addition of rice or broken rice to RD linearly increased (P < 0.01) ileal digestibility of DM, energy, as well as total tract metabolizability of DM, energy, and N-corrected energy in the TD. The inclusion of rice bran in the TD linearly decreased (P < 0.01) energy digestibility and utilization in the test diet. Regressions of rice-associated, broken rice-associated, or rice bran-associated IDE, ME, or MEn intake in kcal against rice, broken rice, or rice bran intake were as follows: IDE = Y = 2 (6) + 3,185 (73) × Rice + 3,199 (72) × Broken Rice + 2,562 (61) × Rice Bran, r2 = 0.98; ME = Y = 8 (6) + 3,103 (72) × Rice + 3,190 (71) × Broken Rice + 2,709 (60) × Rice Bran, r2 = 0.98; MEn = Y = 4 (5) + 3,014 (68) × Rice + 3,092 (101) × Broken Rice + 2,624 (57) × Rice Bran, r2 = 0.98; Based on the regression equations, the IDE, ME, MEn values (kcal/kg of DM) of rice were 3,185, 3,103 and 3,014, respectively, while for broken rice, the values were 3,199, 3,190, and 3,092 and for rice bran, the values were 2,562, 2,709, and 2,624, respectively.

A stable and sensitive method has been developed for use in food and livestock product safety for the detection of mycotoxins. This newly developed method allows for the determination of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, Glandular stomach, muscular stomach, small intestine, muscle, bone and brain samples from broilers using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The samples were initially extracted with ethyl acetate before being filtered through a 0.22μm nylon syringe filter and subjected to chromatographic separation on a reversed-phase C18 (50×2.1mm, 3μm) column. A mobile phase composed of 0.1% acetic acid and 10mM ammonium acetate in methanol and water was used in an assay of the levels of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and DAS. For the analysis of the target compounds, the mass spectrometer was operated under positive electrospray ionization conditions in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The limit of detection was in the range of 0.02-0.05ng/g, whereas the limit of quantification was in the range of 0.08-0.15ng/g. The extraction recoveries of spiked samples from the high, intermediate and low levels ranged from 58.5% to 110.5%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD (%)) values were less than 17.0%. The results of inter- and intra-day precision (RSD (%)) were within 14.7%. The results revealed that the present method could be successfully applied to the analysis of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and DAS in the real samples.

BACKGROUND: In vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the serotonin transporter (SERT) is a valuable tool in drug development and in monitoring brain diseases with altered serotonergic function. We have developed a two-step labeling reaction for the preparation of the high serotonin affinity ligand [(18)F]FPBM ([(18)F]2-(2\'-((dimethylamino)methyl)-4\'-(3-fluoropropoxy)phenylthio)benzenamine, 1).
METHODS: To improve and automate the radiolabeling of [(18)F]FPBM, 1, an intermediate, [(18)F]3-fluoropropyltosylate, [(18)F]4, was prepared first, and then it was reacted with the phenol precursor (4-(2-aminophenylthio)-3-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenol, 3) to afford [(18)F]FPBM, 1. To optimize the labeling, this O-alkylation reaction was evaluated under different temperatures, using different bases and varying amounts of precursor 3. The desired product was obtained after a solid phase extraction (SPE) purification.
RESULTS: This two-step radiolabeling reaction successfully produced the desired [(18)F]FPBM, 1, with an excellent radiochemical purity (>95%, n = 8). Radiochemical yields were between 31% and 39% (decay corrected, total time of labeling: 70 min, n = 8). The SPE purification cannot completely remove pseudo-carriers in the final dose of [(18)F]FPBM, 1. The concentrations of major pseudo-carriers were measured by UV-HPLC (476-676, 68-95 and 50-71 μg for precursor 3, O-hydroxypropyl and O-allyloxy derivatives, 5 and 6, respectively). To investigate the potential inhibition of SERT binding of these pseudo-carriers, we performed in vitro competition experiments evaluated by autoradiography. Known amounts of \'standard\' FPBM, 1, of the pseudo-carriers, 5 and 6, were added to the HPLC-purified [(18)F]1 dose. The inhibition of \'standard\' FPBM, 1, binding to the SERT binding sites, using monkey brain sections, were measured (EC50=13, 46, 7.1 and 8.3 nM, respectively for 1, precursor 3, O-hydroxypropyl and O-allyloxy derivative of 3).
CONCLUSIONS: An improved radiolabeling method by a SPE purification for preparation of [(18)F]FPBM, 1, was developed. The results suggest that it is feasible to use this labeling method to prepare [(18)F]FPBM, 1, without affecting in vivo SERT binding.

A rapid, sensitive, and enantioselective method was developed and validated for determination of ornidazole enantiomers in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Ornidazole enantiomers were extracted from 100μl of plasma using ethyl acetate. Baseline chiral separation (Rs=2.0) was obtained within 7.5min on a Chiral-AGP column (150mm×4.0mm, 5μm) using an isocratic mobile phase of 10mM ammonium acetate/acetic acid (100/0.01, v/v). Stable isotopically labeled R-(+)-d5-ornidazole and S-(-)-d5-ornidazole were synthesized as internal standards. Acquisition of mass spectrometric data was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode via positive electrospray ionization, using the transitions of m/z 220→128 for ornidazole enantiomers, and m/z 225→128 for d5-ornidazole enantiomers. The method was linear in the concentration range of 0.030-10.0μg/ml for each enantiomer. The lower limit of quantification for each enantiomer was 0.030μg/ml. The relative standard deviation values of intra- and inter-day precision were 1.8-6.2% and 1.5-10.2% for R-(+)-ornidazole and S-(-)-ornidazole, respectively. The relative error values of accuracy ranged from -4.5% to 1.2% for R-(+)-ornidazole and from -5.4% to -0.8% for S-(-)-ornidazole. The validated method was successfully applied to a stereoselective pharmacokinetic study of ornidazole after oral administration of 1000mg racemic ornidazole.

Two series of novel C-9 chloro- and bromo-substituted mansonone E derivatives with triazole moieties at the C-3 position were prepared by using copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click chemistry. These compounds were found as potent inhibitors of topoisomerase II (Topo II) and topoisomerase I (Topo I). The Topo II-mediated pBR322 DNA relaxation and cleavage assay showed that the derivatives might act as catalytic inhibitors. Their cytotoxic activities against A549, HL-60, K562 and HeLa cells were evaluated, indicating that these compounds were potent antitumour agents. Their structure activity relationships and molecular docking study revealed that the substituents of the triazole were particularly important for cytotoxicity.

With the depletion of global petroleum and its increasing price, biodiesel has been becoming one of the most promising biofuels for global fuels market. Researchers exploit oleaginous microorganisms for biodiesel production due to their short life cycle, less labor required, less affection by venue, and easier to scale up. Many oleaginous microorganisms can accumulate lipids, especially triacylglycerols (TAGs), which are the main materials for biodiesel production. This review is covering the related researches on different oleaginous microorganisms, such as yeast, mold, bacteria and microalgae, which might become the potential oil feedstocks for biodiesel production in the future, showing that biodiesel from oleaginous microorganisms has a great prospect in the development of biomass energy. Microbial oils biosynthesis process includes fatty acid synthesis approach and TAG synthesis approach. In addition, the strategies to increase lipids accumulation via metabolic engineering technology, involving the enhancement of fatty acid synthesis approach, the enhancement of TAG synthesis approach, the regulation of related TAG biosynthesis bypass approaches, the blocking of competing pathways and the multi-gene approach, are discussed in detail. It is suggested that DGAT and ME are the most promising targets for gene transformation, and reducing PEPC activity is observed to be beneficial for lipid production.