背景:乳腺癌(BC)是全球第三大致命恶性肿瘤,对脂肪酸代谢的依赖性很强.CLDN6,一个候选BC抑制基因,以前被确定为脂肪酸生物合成的调节剂;然而,潜在的机制仍然难以捉摸。在这项研究中,我们旨在阐明CLDN6调节脂肪酸合成代谢的具体机制及其对BC生长和转移的影响。
方法:细胞功能测定,肿瘤异种移植小鼠模型,和肺转移小鼠模型进行评估BC生长和转移。人棕榈酸测定,甘油三酯测定,尼罗河红染色,采用油红O染色研究脂肪酸合成代谢。逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR),westernblot,免疫组织化学(IHC)测定,核分馏,免疫荧光(IF),免疫沉淀和酰基生物素交换(IP-ABE),染色质免疫沉淀(ChIP),双荧光素酶报告分析,和免疫共沉淀(Co-IP)用于阐明潜在的分子机制。此外,对BC的组织微阵列进行分析以探讨其临床意义。
结果:我们确定CLDN6通过在体外和体内阻止RAS棕榈酰化来抑制BC生长和转移。我们提出了一种独特的理论,表明CLDN6通过SREBP1调节的从头棕榈酸合成来抑制RAS棕榈酰化。机械上,CLDN6与MAGI2相互作用,阻止KLF5进入细胞核,从而抑制SREBF1转录。SREBP1的下调减少了从头棕榈酸的合成,阻碍RAS棕榈酰化和随后的转运(ESCRT)介导的质膜定位所需的内体分选复合物。此外,RAS棕榈酰化的靶向抑制与CLDN6协同抑制BC进展。
结论:我们的发现提供了令人信服的证据,证明CLDN6通过MAGI2/KLF5/SREBP1轴抑制棕榈酸诱导的RAS棕榈酰化,从而阻碍BC恶性进展。这些结果提出了新的见解,即监测CLDN6表达以及靶向抑制棕榈酸介导的棕榈酰化可能是治疗致癌RAS驱动的BC的可行策略。
BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) ranks as the third most fatal malignant tumor worldwide, with a strong reliance on fatty acid metabolism. CLDN6, a candidate BC suppressor gene, was previously identified as a regulator of fatty acid biosynthesis; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this research, we aim to clarify the specific mechanism through which CLDN6 modulates fatty acid anabolism and its impact on BC growth and metastasis.
METHODS: Cell function assays, tumor xenograft mouse models, and lung metastasis mouse models were conducted to evaluate BC growth and metastasis. Human palmitic acid assay, triglyceride assay, Nile red staining, and oil red O staining were employed to investigate fatty acid anabolism. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay, nuclear fractionation, immunofluorescence (IF), immunoprecipitation and acyl-biotin exchange (IP-ABE), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), dual luciferase reporter assay, and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) were applied to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. Moreover, tissue microarrays of BC were analyzed to explore the clinical implications.
RESULTS: We identified that CLDN6 inhibited BC growth and metastasis by impeding RAS palmitoylation both in vitro and in vivo. We proposed a unique theory suggesting that CLDN6 suppressed RAS palmitoylation through SREBP1-modulated de novo palmitic acid synthesis. Mechanistically, CLDN6 interacted with MAGI2 to prevent KLF5 from entering the nucleus, thereby restraining SREBF1 transcription. The downregulation of SREBP1 reduced de novo palmitic acid synthesis, hindering RAS palmitoylation and subsequent endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-mediated plasma membrane localization required for RAS oncogenic activation. Besides, targeting inhibition of RAS palmitoylation synergized with CLDN6 to repress BC progression.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide compelling evidence that CLDN6 suppresses the palmitic acid-induced RAS palmitoylation through the MAGI2/KLF5/SREBP1 axis, thereby impeding BC malignant progression. These results propose a new insight that monitoring CLDN6 expression alongside targeting inhibition of palmitic acid-mediated palmitoylation could be a viable strategy for treating oncogenic RAS-driven BC.