免疫系统是细胞的动态网络,细胞因子是对抗病原体的免疫应答的主要介质。基于细胞因子的产生,效应T细胞分化成称为Th1、Th2、Th17或Treg的亚群。这个系统作为细胞内病原体的屏障,细菌感染并刺激活性氧(ROS)的产生,反应性氮中间体,和一氧化氮,扩散跨膜并吞噬细胞内病原体。氧化应激发生时,ROS,反应性氮(RNS)的生产,和抗氧化防御变得不平衡。由感染细胞产生的氧化应激产生大量的自由基,其能够杀死细胞内病原体。细胞内病原体暴露于内源性ROS作为正常有氧呼吸的一部分,外源性ROS和RNS也由宿主免疫系统响应感染而产生。设计用于药物递送的纳米颗粒能够将所需药物捕获在颗粒中,从而保护药物免于在生物系统中的酶降解。纳米颗粒的亚细胞尺寸使得药物的细胞内摄取更高,这导致游离药物浓度的降低,从而降低其毒性作用。使用纳米颗粒封装药物对免疫反应和氧化应激的调节研究尚未得到充分探索。在这次审查中,我们说明了免疫激活和氧化应激特性的产生,这是由纳米颗粒封装的药物递送系统介导的,这可以使治疗在由细胞内病原体引起的疾病的情况下更有效。
The immune system is a dynamic network of cells and cytokines are the major mediators of immune responses which combat pathogens. Based on the cytokine production, effector T cells differentiate into subsets known as Th1, Th2, Th17, or Treg. This system serves as a barrier to intracellular pathogens, bacterial infections and stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen intermediates, and nitric oxide, which diffuses across membranes and engulfs intracellular pathogens. Oxidative stress occurs when ROS, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production, and antioxidant defences become imbalanced. Oxidative stress generated by infected cells produces a substantial amount of free radicals which enables the killing of intracellular pathogens. Intracellular pathogens are exposed to endogenous ROS as part of normal aerobic respiration, also exogenous ROS and RNS are generated by the host immune system in response to infection. Nanoparticles which are designed for drug delivery are capable of trapping the desired drug in the particles which protect the drug from enzymatic degradation in a biological system. The subcellular size of nanoparticles enables higher intracellular uptake of the drug which results in the reduction of the concentration of free drugs reducing their toxic effect. Research on the modulation of immune response and oxidative stress using nanoparticles used to encapsulate drugs has yet to be explored fully. In this review, we illustrate the immune activation and generation of oxidative stress properties which are mediated by nanoparticle encapsulated drug delivery systems which can make the therapy more effective in case of diseases caused by intracellular pathogens.