补体在先天免疫系统中起着重要的作用,它包含大约35种单独的蛋白质。在哺乳动物中,补体通过三种不同的途径被激活,经典途径,替代途径,和凝集素途径。所有三种活化途径产生不同形式的C3-转化酶。C3-转化酶将C3切割为C3a和C3b,并引发切割和激活的级联反应,最终导致膜攻击复合体的形成。补体活化导致产生参与微生物杀灭的活化片段,吞噬作用,炎症反应,免疫复合物清除,和抗体生产。尽管补体系统已经在哺乳动物中进行了广泛的研究,补语在硬骨鱼中的理解较少。这篇综述总结了目前有关吞噬作用的硬骨鱼补体成分的知识,趋化性,和细胞裂解。我们报告了各种硬骨鱼物种中具有特征的补体成分。此外,我们提供补充监管机构的全面汇编,这些信息用于分析补体调节因子在病原体感染中的作用。综述了补体受体对硬骨鱼免疫反应的影响。最后,我们提出了未来分子进化研究的方向,结构,以及硬骨鱼补体成分的功能。这篇综述为识别和防御的补充系统提供了新的见解,这些知识对于水产养殖新免疫策略的开发至关重要。
Complement plays an important role in the innate immune system, and it comprises about 35 individual proteins. In mammals, complement is activated via three different pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway. All three activation pathways produce C3-convertase in different forms. C3-convertase cleaves C3 to C3a and C3b and initiates a cascade of cleavage and activation, eventually resulting in the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation results in the generation of activated fragments that are involved in microbial killing, phagocytosis, inflammatory reactions, immune complex clearance, and antibody production. Although the complement system has been studied extensively in mammals, complement is less well understood in teleosts. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the teleost complement components involved in phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and cell lysis. We report the characterized complement components in various teleost species. In addition, we provide a comprehensive compilation of complement regulators, and this information is used to analyze the role of complement regulators in pathogen infection. The influence of complement receptors on the immune responses of teleosts is reviewed. Finally, we propose directions for future study of the molecular evolution, structure, and function of complement components in teleosts. This review provides new insights into the complement system of recognition and defense, and such knowledge is essential for the development of new immune strategies in aquaculture.