The composition and profile of amino acids in Rubus chingii (R. chingii) Hu serve as critical indicators of its nutritional quality. A comprehensive understanding of the amino acid metabolism within R. chingii is instrumental in the formulation and innovation of functional foods derived from this species. Utilizing advanced techniques such as wide-ranging untargeted metabolomics, transcriptome analysis, interaction network mapping, heat map analysis, and quantitative real-time PCR, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the quality attributes across four distinct developmental stages of R. chingii. Our meticulous analysis uncovered a rich tapestry of 76 distinct amino acids and their derivatives within the developmental stages of R. chingii. The spectrum of essential amino acids was not only broad but also displayed a high degree of variety. Notably, leucine, lysine, and phenylalanine stood out as the most abundant amino acids, underscoring their significant presence throughout the growth cycle of R. chingii. The proportion of essential amino acids relative to the total amino acid content in R. chingii exhibited a notable trajectory of change throughout its developmental stages. It began with 30.92% in the immature green phase, advanced to 31.04% during the transition from green to yellow, peaked at 33.62% in the yellow to red stage, and then moderated to 30.43% in the full red phase. This pattern suggests a strategic modulation of amino acid composition, aligning with the evolving nutritional requirements and metabolic shifts as the fruit matures. Concurrent analysis of interaction networks and heat maps, alongside comprehensive profiling of amino acid metabolism and transcriptomic examination, was conducted to elucidate the intricate dynamics of cellular processes. The results showed that seven differentially expressed genes (DEGs) played important roles in amino acid metabolism, including PFK, BCAT1, TSB, ASA, ACO, TOM2AH3, and BCAT2. The expression patterns of seven DEGs conformed closely to the findings revealed by the preceding RNA-seq analysis. In this investigation, we elucidated the regulatory mechanisms underlying amino acid metabolism across the four distinct developmental stages of R. chingii through comprehensive amino acid profiling and transcriptomic analysis. These insights lay the groundwork for the development of novel functional food applications utilizing R. chingii.

The co-application of N and Fe can improve wine grape composition and promote the formation of flavor compounds. To understand the effects of foliar co-application of N and Fe on wine grape quality and flavonoid content, urea and EDTA-FE were sprayed at three different developmental stages. Urea and EDTA-Fe were sprayed during the early stage of the expansion period, at the end of the early stage of the expansion period to the late stage of the veraison period, and during the late stage of the veraison period. The results demonstrated that the co-application of urea and EDTA-Fe, particularly N application during the late stage of the veraison period and Fe application during the early stage of the berry expansion period (N3Fe1), significantly improved grape quality. Specifically, the soluble solid content of berries increased by 2.78-19.13%, titratable acidity decreased by 6.67-18.84%, the sugar-acid ratio became more balanced, and yield increased by 13.08-40.71%. Further, there was a significant increase in the relative content of amino acids and flavonoids. In conclusion, the application of Fe and N fertilizers at the pre-expansion and late veraison stages of grapes can significantly improve the quality and yield of berries; ultimately, this establishes a foundation for future improvement in the nutritional value of grapes and wine.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a medicinal fungus utilized in traditional Chinese medicine, exhibits a range of biological activities and pharmacological functions. In this study, we determined the amino acid composition of 94 amino acids in Ophiocordyceps sinensis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fresh samples of Ophiocordyceps sinensis were analyzed under three different drying methods: vacuum freeze drying (DG), oven drying (HG), and air drying (YG). This investigation aims to assess the effects of these drying methods on the content and quality of amino acid metabolites in Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed for sample classification and the identification of differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). The results revealed the detection of 79 amino acid metabolites, which included elevated levels of oxidized L-glutamic acid, L-glutamic acid, and glutathione. Differential amino acid metabolites that met the criteria of fold change (|FC|) ≥ 2, p-value (p) ≤ 0.5, and variable importance in projection (VIP) ≥ 1 were analyzed. Significant differences in 48 amino acid metabolites between the groups were primarily related to protein synthesis. According to the KEGG analysis, all three comparison samples exhibited significant enrichment in several pathways. These pathways included the interaction of neuroactive ligands with receptors, the metabolism of cysteine and methionine, and the biosynthesis of plant hormones. The variations in amino acid metabolite levels observed across the three drying methods may be attributed to the degradation of proteins or amino acid metabolites, influenced by several factors, including temperature, enzyme activity, and moisture content. Additionally, Maillard and oxidative reactions involving substances such as amino acids, sugars, and oxygen may also play a significant role. This study demonstrates that various drying methods significantly influence the amino acid metabolite content of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Therefore, the selection of drying methods should be tailored to meet specific requirements. This research provides important insights into the metabolite composition of Ophiocordyceps sinensis under different drying techniques, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of its nutritional and therapeutic properties.

In recent years, afforestation has been conducted in China\'s hot and dry valleys. However, there is still a paucity of knowledge regarding the performance of tree species in these semi-arid regions, particularly with regard to interspecies differences. The present study compares the growth and metabolome characteristics of two widely used cypress species, namely Cupressus chengiana and Platycladus orientalis, grown at two sites with distinct climate conditions in the hot and dry Minjiang Valley in southwestern China. The findings indicate that C. chengiana trees exhibit superior growth rates compared to P. orientalis trees at both study sites. In comparison to P. orientalis trees, C. chengiana trees demonstrated a greater tendency to close their stomata in order to prevent water loss at the hotter and drier site, Llianghekou (LHK). Additionally, C. chengiana trees exhibited significantly lower hydrogen peroxide levels than P. orientalis trees, either due to lower production and/or higher scavenging of reactive oxygen species. C. chengiana trees accumulated soluble sugars as well as sugar derivatives, particularly those involved in sucrose and galactose metabolisms under stressful conditions. The species-specific differences were also reflected in metabolites involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, nitrogen, and secondary metabolisms. The metabolome profiles of the two species appeared to be influenced by the prevailing climatic conditions. It appeared that the trees at the drier and hotter site, LHK, were capable of efficient nitrogen uptake from the soil despite the low soil nitrogen concentration. This study is the first to compare the growth performance and metabolic profiles of two widely used tree species with high resistance to adverse conditions. In addition to the species-specific differences and adaptations to different sites, the present study also provides insights into potential management strategies to alleviate abiotic stress, particularly with regard to nitrogen nutrients, in the context of climate change.

Autophagy is a kind of \"self-eating\" phenomenon that is ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells. It mainly manifests in the damaged proteins or organelles in the cell being wrapped and transported by the autophagosome to the lysosome for degradation. Many factors cause autophagy in cells, and the mechanism of nutrient-deficiency-induced autophagy has been a research focus. It has been reported that amino-acid-deficiency-induced cellular autophagy is mainly mediated through the mammalian rapamycin target protein complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway. In addition, some researchers also found that non-mTORC1 signaling pathways also regulate autophagy, and the mechanism of autophagy occurrence induced by the deficiency of different amino acids is not precisely the same. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the process of various amino acids regulating cell autophagy and provide a narrative review on the molecular mechanism of amino acids regulating autophagy.

The rapid development of fluorescence probe technology has promoted in-depth research in fields such as environment and life medicine. Traditional single channel fluorescent probes can achieve highly sensitive detection of targets, but they appear powerless in complex environments. In addition, in today\'s deteriorating resource environment, implementing multi target detection with one probe can effectively save preparation resources, which is in line with the development direction of fluorescent probes. To achieve this goal, designing and preparing multi-site probes is undoubtedly the first choice, but the complexity of their preparation is daunting. Herein, we propose the concept of cascade detection for the first time. After the probe completes the first target detection, the complex between the probe and the first target is achieved based on the characteristics of the first target to achieve subsequent target detection. Based on this, a metal-organic framework was used as a basic skeleton and the concept of serial reactions was applied. First, copper ions were detected through coordination. Then, the specificity of copper for sulfur-containing amino acids was utilized to detect the three types of amino acids, and the practical applications of the three probes were studied separately.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate changes in the blood metabolic profiles of newborns with varying intrauterine growth conditions. Specifically, we analyzed the levels of amino acids, carnitine, and succinylacetone among full-term newborns, including small for gestational age (SGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and large for gestational age (LGA). We aim to identify differential metabolites and metabolic pathways that may offer insights into clinical interventions.
METHODS: A total of 5106 full-term newborns were included in the study. Blood samples were obtained from all newborns between 3 and 5 days after birth and analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry to detect blood metabolites. Subsequently, we screened for different metabolites and metabolic pathways among the groups using the MetaboAnalystR package (Version 1.0.1) in R software (R-3.6.0).
RESULTS: The levels of blood amino acids and carnitine metabolism differed significantly among newborns with varying intrauterine growth conditions. Full-term SGA newborns exhibited a decrease in multiple amino acids and an increase in multiple carnitines, while full-term LGA newborns showed an increase in multiple amino acids and acylcarnitines.
CONCLUSIONS: Continuous monitoring of the short-term and long-term growth and metabolic status of full-term SGA and LGA newborns is warranted with individualized dietary and nutritional adjustments to promote healthy growth in a timely manner. The findings of this research contribute to the broader understanding of SGA/LGA and shall inform future research on metabolomics, interventions, and long-term outcomes.

To achieve the goals of \"carbon peak and carbon neutrality\" and sustainable development, we propose \"Three-Dimensional Environment-Friendly\" materials to balance the urgent need for the development of clean energy and the reduction of secondary environmental pollution during adsorbent preparation. In this study, three novel chitosan adsorbents (CMNSC-Leu, CMNSC-Pro, CMNSC-Phe) for uranium adsorption were designed on the basis of molecular level and successfully synthesized with three different amino acids (leucine, proline, phenylalanine) through amidation reaction in an aqueous environment using a sustainable green chitosan material. The uranium adsorption capacity of the three adsorbents was evaluated by batch adsorption, selectivity and recyclability studies. The adsorption reaction conformed to the pseudo-second-order model and was a spontaneous endothermic reaction. In particular, the maximum adsorption capacity of CMNSC-Pro for uranium was 462.7 mg·g-1 at C0 = 100 ppm. In addition, CMNSC-Pro showed better selectivity and good reusability. DFT calculation and IRI diagram were applied in this work to analyze the unique structure and adsorption process of CMNSC-Pro from the perspective of structure. Uranium was adsorbed by CMNSC-Pro via coordination, electrostatic interaction, and intraparticle diffusion. This work provided a new idea for the structural design and construction of new high-efficiency biomass adsorbents.

Mahvash disease, a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by biallelic loss-of-function mutations in the glucagon receptor gene (GCGR), induces significant pancreatic hyperglucagonemia, resulting in α-cell hyperplasia and occasional hypoglycemia. Utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we engineered a mouse model, designated as Gcgr V369M/V369M, harboring a homozygous V369M substitution in the glucagon receptor (GCGR). Although wild-type (WT) and Gcgr V369M/V369M mice exhibited no discernible difference in appearance or weight, adult Gcgr V369M/V369M mice, approximately 12 months of age, displayed a notable decrease in fasting blood glucose levels and elevated the levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Moreover, plasma amino acid levels such as alanine (Ala), proline (Pro) and arginine (Arg) were elevated in Gcgr V369M/V369M mice contributing to α-cell proliferation and hyperglucagonemia. Despite sustained α-cell hyperplasia and increased circulating glucagon levels in Gcgr V369M/V369M mice, metabolic disparities between the two groups gradually waned with age accompanied by a reduction in α-cell hyperplasia. Throughout the lifespan of the mice (up to approximately 30 months), pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) did not manifest. This prolonged observation of metabolic alterations in Gcgr V369M/V369M mice furnishes valuable insights for a deeper comprehension of mild Mahvash disease in humans.

UNASSIGNED: Allium is important vegetables and seasonings in China, Tibet is rich in unique resources of the genus Allium, but lacks development and utilization.
UNASSIGNED: We compared the biological features and comprehensively evaluating the quality of twelve germplasm resources of the genus Allium collected from Tibet.
UNASSIGNED: The results revealed that nine germplasm resources were bolting and bloom normally except for SC015, SC019, and SC048, all twelve germplasm resources were able to vegetative growth. The individual differences in moisture, soluble sugar, and protein content among the twelve germplasm resources were relatively small, with pyruvic acid content ranging from 0.11 to 1.12 mg/g and a large variation coefficient. A total of 8 categories and 97 volatile compounds were detected in twelve germplasm resources, the majority possessed the highest proportions of aldehydes and organosulfur compounds, but there were certain differences between the different Allium species. Additionally, 11 to 16 types of free amino acids were present in all germplasm resources, proline exhibited the highest content. The total content of essential and non-essential amino acids in SC009 was the highest. Carbon (C) accounted for the largest proportion of all elements, and the contents of other mineral elements varied greatly among the different plants.
UNASSIGNED: In conclusion, combined with biological performance and comprehensive evaluation of quality, SC009 is the excellent germplasm resource suitable for growth and capable of reproduction with good quality. These results improved the exploitation and utilization of the genus Allium in Tibet, as well as provided germplasm resources for high-quality breeding of the genus Allium.