青春期异常子宫出血（AUB）以排卵功能障碍所致AUB（AUB-O）及凝血相关疾病所致AUB（AUB-C）最为常见。青春期AUB的出血模式主要为不规则出血、经期延长、月经过多（HMB）、经间期出血及无月经。本共识强调通过详细的病史询问、体格检查和辅助检查对AUB病因进行鉴别诊断。对于出现急性HMB的青春期女性进行评估时，应及时、准确判断出血严重程度及生命体征，并进行分级处理，评估应包括失血导致的贫血程度、血清铁蛋白水平、是否存在内分泌紊乱及凝血功能异常。对于急性HMB的青春期女性首要治疗方法包括短效口服避孕药及孕激素为主的药物紧急止血，但对于足量、规范用药治疗失败的部分难治性AUB患者，可以予手术治疗或子宫内膜病理评估。鉴于青春期AUB-O患者很难在短期内建立规律的月经周期、AUB-C患者长期存在HMB，均需要在急性期止血后维持用药以长期管理月经，避免异常出血的反复发作，并注意随访和监测。本共识还在附录中针对出血性疾病、青春期多囊卵巢综合征和下丘脑功能障碍进行了有针对性的简要论述。.

OBJECTIVE: To provide French guidelines for the management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).
METHODS: A consensus committee of 26 experts was formed. A formal conflict-of-interest policy was developed at the beginning of the process and enforced throughout. The entire guidelines process was conducted independently of any industry funding (i.e. pharmaceutical or medical device companies). The authors were advised to follow the rules of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE®) system to guide assessment of quality of evidence. The potential drawbacks of making strong recommendations in the presence of low-quality evidence were emphasized.
METHODS: The last guidelines from the Collège National des Gynécologues et Obstétriciens Français on the management of women with AUB were published in 2008. The literature seems now sufficient for an update. The committee studied questions within 7 fields (diagnosis; adolescents; idiopathic AUB; endometrial hyperplasia and polyps; type 0-2 fibroids; type 3 or higher fibroids; and adenomyosis). Each question was formulated in a PICO (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) format and evidence profiles were compiled. The GRADE® methodology was applied to the literature review and the formulation of recommendations.
RESULTS: The experts\' synthesis work and the application of the GRADE method resulted in 36 recommendations. Among the formalized recommendations, 19 are strong and 17 weak. No response was found in the literature for 14 questions. We chose to abstain from recommendations rather than providing advice based solely on expert clinical experience.
CONCLUSIONS: The 36 recommendations make it possible to specify the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for various clinical situations practitioners encounter, from the simplest to the most complex.

This practice guideline provides updated evidence for the gynecologist who performs endometrial biopsy (EB) in gynecologic clinical practice. An international committee of gynecology experts developed the recommendations according to AGREE Reporting Guideline. An adequate tissue sampling is mandatory when performing an EB. Blind methods should not be first choice in patients with suspected endometrial malignancy. Hysteroscopy is the targeted-biopsy method with highest diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness. Blind suction techniques are not reliable for the diagnosis of endometrial polyps. In low resources settings, and in absence of the capacity to perform office hysteroscopy, blind techniques could be used for EB. Hysteroscopic punch biopsy allows to collect only limited amount of endometrial tissue. grasp biopsy technique should be considered first choice in reproductive aged women, bipolar electrode chip biopsy should be preferred with hypotrophic or atrophic endometrium. EB is required for the final diagnosis of chronic endometritis. There is no consensus regarding which endometrial thickness cut-off should be used for recommending EB in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. EB should be offered to young women with abnormal uterine bleeding and risk factors for endometrial carcinoma. Endometrial pathology should be excluded with EB in nonobese women with unopposed hyperestrogenism. Hysteroscopy with EB is useful in patients with abnormal bleeding even without sonographic evidence of pathology. EB has high sensitivity for detecting intrauterine pathologies. In postmenopausal women with uterine bleeding, EB is recommended. Women with sonographic endometrial thickness > 4 mm using tamoxifen should undergo hysteroscopic EB.

由中华医学会妇产科学分会妇科内分泌学组制定的中国《异常子宫出血诊断与治疗指南》于2014年发布，对国内异常子宫出血（AUB）的规范化诊治起到了良好的指导作用。随着新的研究进展，国际妇产科联盟于2018年再次更新了育龄期AUB的定义与分类，中华医学会妇产科学分会妇科内分泌学组也根据国内外新的研究进展和结果，结合国内的临床实践以及其他学科和专业的发展和发现，针对AUB的定义、诊治流程、病因治疗进行了更新、补充，形成了中国《异常子宫出血诊断与治疗指南（2022更新版）》，以便与国际接轨，更好地指导临床实践和研究。.

To provide French guidelines for the management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).
A consensus committee of 26 experts was formed. A formal conflict-of-interest (COI) policy was developed at the beginning of the process and enforced throughout. The entire guidelines process was conducted independently of any industrial funding (i.e. pharmaceutical, or medical devices). The authors were advised to follow the rules of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE®) system to guide assessment of quality of evidence. The potential drawbacks of making strong recommendations in the presence of low-quality evidence were emphasized.
The last guidelines from the Collège national des gynécologues et obstétriciens français (CNGOF) on the management of women with AUB was published in 2008. The literature seems now sufficient for an update. The committee studied questions within 7 fields (diagnosis; adolescent; idiopathic AUB; endometrial hyperplasia and polyps; fibroids type 0 to 2; fibroids type 3 and more; adenomyosis). Each question was formulated in a PICO (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) format and the evidence profiles were produced. The literature review and recommendations were made according to the GRADE® methodology.
The experts\' synthesis work and the application of the GRADE method resulted in 36 recommendations. Among the formalized recommendations, 19 present a strong agreement and 17 a weak agreement. Fourteen questions did not find any response in the literature. We preferred to abstain from recommending instead of providing expert advice.
The 36 recommendations made it possible to specify the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of various clinical situations managed by the practitioner, from the simplest to the most complex.

To publish, under the aegis of the French National College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF) and the Study Group on Menopause and Hormonal Aging (GEMVi), recommendations based on the evidence available in the literature for the management of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) in women taking hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). A review of the literature was performed by consulting Medline, Cochrane Library data as well as international recommendations in French and English up to September 1, 2020.
AUB occurring in a woman taking HRT (FIGO 2011) is one of the main factors of poor adherence to the HRT. AUB must seek an organic cause including endometrial cancer. The main functional causes of AUB in a woman taking HRT are resumption of ovarian activity, poor compliance, and trophic disorders of the endometrium. AUB are dependent on the type of HRT. In the event of AUB under HRT, it is suggested to perform a pelvic ultrasound at the end of the progestational sequence in the event of sequential HRT. In a single episode of AUB and when the ultrasound estimates the endometrial thickness less than or equal to 4mm, it is possible to postpone further uterine exploration. In case of recurrent AUB or when the endometrium thickness is greater than 4mm in a postmenopausal woman, additional uterine investigations (hysteroscopy and histology) are recommended.
AUB under HRT must seek an organic cause. The measurement of endometrial thickness by pelvic ultrasound is relevant for screening for endometrial cancer.

Abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women is a common gynaecological symptom and composes of abnormality in the frequency, duration, regularity, and flow volume of menstruation. It could constitute the presentation of various gynaecological malignancies. An appropriate history and physical examination are mandatory to ascertain the diagnosis. Depending on the clinical condition, a complete blood picture, thyroid function test, clotting profile, chlamydia test, cervical smear, and pregnancy test can be performed. Ultrasound should be performed in cases with a pelvic mass, unsatisfactory physical examination, persistent symptoms, or no response to medical treatment. In women aged ≥40 years, an out-patient endometrial biopsy with Pipelle should be performed. In women aged <40 years with risk factors for endometrial cancer, persistent symptoms, or no response to medical treatment, an endometrial biopsy should be performed to rule out endometrial cancer. Hysteroscopy or saline infusion sonohysterography is more sensitive than ultrasound for diagnosing endometrial pathology. Details of the above recommendations are presented.

To assess the predicted performance of the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG)\'s recommended endometrial thickness (ET) of ≥4mm via transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) for a simulated cohort of US Black women with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB).
Performance characteristics of 3+, 4+, and 5+mm ET thresholds were assessed including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves, and the area under the curve (AUC).
We used endometrial cancer parameters from ET studies upon which guidelines are based, as well as documented population characteristics of US Black women, to simulate a cohort of US Black women with PMB. Annual endometrial cancer (EC) prevalence overall and by histology type (I and II), history and current diagnosis of uterine fibroids, and visibility of endometria were estimated. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess performance changes with quality of baseline parameters and impact of fibroids on ET visibility.
In the main model with the 4+mm recommended threshold, TVUS ET showed a sensitivity of 47.5% (95% CI: 46.0-49.0%); specificity of 64.9% (95% CI: 64.4-65.3%); PPV of 13.1% (95% CI: 12.5-13.6%); NPV of 91.7% (95% CI: 91.4-92.1%), and AUC of .57 (95% CI: .56-.57).
Among a simulated cohort of US Black women, the recommended 4+mm ET threshold to trigger diagnostic biopsy for EC diagnosis performed poorly, with more than 50% of cases missed and an 8-fold higher frequency of false negative results than reported for the general population.

暂无摘要。

暂无摘要。