■Udder健康管理对于进一步发展牛奶生产系统和公共卫生至关重要。这个过程取决于关于控制的知识的产生,预防,促进健康。在科学文献中,不可能找到可以理解乳房健康这一复杂现象的类别的综合。不同的研究方法允许这种多义概念,被一些研究人员描述为多因素,被哲学观点描述为一种社会现象,有待进一步研究。因此,本系统综述的目的是将1962年至2019年科学文献中发表的原始文章中乳房健康的概念类别和该术语的使用系统化.
■通过应用识别阶段,设计了具有广泛方法的系统综述,筛选,选择,和纳入标准中描述的首选报告项目的系统审查和荟萃分析指南。在《科学直接报》上对原始文章进行了详尽的特异性搜索,PubMed,Scielo,LILACS,和谷歌学者数据库。调查于2019年11月22日进行。根据制定的纳入标准,文章需要是原创研究,是关于牛牲畜的出版物,用英语写的,西班牙语和葡萄牙语。此外,认为需要解决乳房健康一词的文章,以便可以提取其概念分类。谷歌学者的专利和引用以及从数据库中删除或不可用的文章被排除在研究之外,在阅读全文的基础上,被认为是牛以外的动物物种的养殖。出版年份的定性综合,大陆,方法,研究类型,乳房健康的概念类别是通过计算频率进行的(社会科学24版统计软件包)。
■总共,165篇文章被纳入研究。八个概念类别,随着时间的推移,系统化了,表明乳房健康不是一个静态的问题,随着不同乳房健康问题的出现,科学一直在通过围绕概念类别产生新知识来做出回应。
■文化和政治是两个类别,与所有其他人有关,这在结果中脱颖而出。这两个类别在牛奶生产先进的国家和实施乳房健康政策方面引起了极大的兴趣,承认生产链的生产者和其他参与者是政策的基本政治参与者,决策过程,和公共医疗保健是有效的。乳房健康一词缺乏同义词(例如,乳腺炎)可能导致每个类别中的重要文章被排除在外。然而,对乳房健康一词的限制是有意的,旨在构建这一概念。因此,Udder健康被理解为健康疾病过程,与术语乳腺炎不同,从它的语义起源来看,仅指疾病过程。根据这项研究,这个概念可以通过基于危险因素和疾病的传统流行病学类别来理解;微生物学;遗传学,阻力,和免疫力;动物福利;营养;有机生产;文化;和政治。
UNASSIGNED: Udder health management is essential for the further development of milk production systems and public health. This process depends on the generation of knowledge regarding control, prevention, and promotion of health. In scientific literature, it is impossible to find a synthesis of the categories that would allow comprehension of the complex phenomenon udder health. Different research approaches have allowed this polysemic concept, described by some researchers as multifactorial and by philosophical perspectives as a social phenomenon, to be further studied. Thus, the objective of this systematic
review was to systematize the conceptual categories of udder health and the use of the term in the original articles published in the scientific literature from the period 1962 to 2019.
UNASSIGNED: A systematic
review with a broad approach was designed by applying the phases of identification, screening, selection, and inclusion criteria described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes guide. An exhaustive search of original articles by specificity was carried out in the Science Direct, PubMed, Scielo, LILACS, and Google Scholar databases. The investigation was carried out on November 22, 2019. According to the inclusion criteria established, articles needed to be original studies, to be publications on bovine livestock, written in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Furthermore, the articles considered needed to tackle the term udder health so that its conceptual categorization could be extracted. Google Scholar patents and citations and articles removed from databases or not available were excluded from the study and those that, based on the reading of the complete text, considered the farming of animal species other than bovine. A qualitative synthesis of the year of publication, continent, approach, type of study, and conceptual category of udder health was carried out by calculating frequencies (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 24).
UNASSIGNED: In total, 165 articles were included in the study. Eight conceptual categories, consolidated over time, were systematized, showing that udder health is not a static problem, and that science has been responding through the generation of new knowledge around conceptual categories as different udder health problems emerge.
UNASSIGNED: Culture and politics were two categories, related to all the others, that stood out in the results. These two categories were of great interest in countries advanced in milk production and in the implementation of udder health policies, which acknowledge the producer and other actors of the production chain as fundamental political actors for policies, decision-making processes, and public health care to be effective. The lack of synonyms for the term udder health (e.g., mastitis) may have led to the exclusion of important articles in each category. However, the constriction to the term udder health was intentional and aimed at constructing the concept. Udder health is hereby understood as a health-disease process, different from the term mastitis, which from its semantic origin, refers only to the disease process. According to this study, the concept can be understood through the categories of traditional epidemiology based on risk factors and disease; microbiology; genetics, resistance, and immunity; animal welfare; nutrition; organic production; culture; and politics.